ASERBAIDJAN

Voice of Azerbaijan, Baku
-bitte Bild klicken-

QRG's were: 9840, 9165, 4785, 4958, 1296 khz
all shortwave broadcasts are cancelled

The Constitution of Azerbaijan guarantees freedom of speech, but this is denied in practice. After several years of decline in press and media freedom, in 2014 the media environment in Azerbaijan deteriorated fast under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism, even while the country left the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (November 2014). Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm. All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country since 2009. Since 2012 all foreign languages are also banned from the state TV.

Azerbaijan has now 9 local Mediumwave stations (ID is very short: "Azerbaijan") and 17 FM stations plus Webradio. Primary network provider is the Ministry of Communications and Information Technologies of Azerbaijan (MCIT). 61% of the population of Azerbaijan have access to internet.

Radio broadcasting in Azerbaijan started on November 6, 1926 and the reception were possible not only in the country itself, but in neighbour countries, too. Today the mediumwave radio stations covers 100 % of the population of Azerbaijan.

TV broadcasts are to receive via 4 satellites and terrestrial digital by DVB-T. The MCIT mentioned that radio broadcasting shall follow this digital way. In the capital city Baku a station called "Radio Azerbaijan" is carried out at the frequency 105.0 MHZ in digital format.
To enable population to receive digital channels in the republic, the government recommended to purchase or use a digital transforming equipment (decoders, set-top-boxes, etc). These digital receivers named "Sputnik" are launched thru the Ministry of Defense.

By the way, MCIT gave up 2008 the name "Voice of Azerbaijan" for some of their AM programmes and use it only for a service at Lyngsat.
Since this timepoint a FM station in Edmonton, Canada produces a px with this name. Advertising says "it is dedicated to culture, history, literature and art of Azerbaijan".

BAHRAIN

Radio Bahrain (BRTC)

1584, 6010 + 9745 khz

The use of radio receivers in Bahrain extend as far back as to 1940 when the country's first radio broadcasting station was opened by the British. In 1955, the country's first radio broadcasting service in Arabic first started. By 1980, the radio service broadcast up to 14 hours a day. The country's first English language radio station was later established in 1977, as a result of an increase in English speakers in Bahrain and the Persian Gulf region. The radio's programmes were primarily religious Quran recitations and educational (poetry and music), with occasional news announcements. Almost near all radio stations in Bahrain are state-owned by the BRTC (Bahrain Radio & TV Corporation). A deep friendship with Kuwait exists. Every daily close down is the Bahrain National Anthem played. Radio Bahrain was founded new in 1971 and became an independent subject of BRTVC in January 1977. Braodcastings are still in English (4 hours a day)and Arabic Language. BRTC is owned by the government of the Kingdom. In 1982 the station was moved to a building in Adliya. On-air time was extended to 18 hours a day. A second station, Radio 2, began broadcasting 6 hours a day. In 1989 a new studio was established in the Ministry of Information building. In the capital city Manama works since 1990 a FM Relay around the clock. 2002 saw two on-air computers with pre-recorded programms and in 2007 Radio Bahrain changed the FM QRG. Since 1965 was the main person of the station Mr. Ahmed Suleiman, born in Jerusalem. He started as a reporter and was later head of Radio Bahrain, until 1998; 2005 he died. He has a very good relationship to the collegues of BBC Arabic Service and local Reuter News Agency. In the year 2010 the King of Bahrain ordered the founding of an authority named "Ministry of State for Information Affairs (MSIA)". The first president was a cousin of King Hamad, the second after April 2012 Mr. Sameera Rajab, which was an outspoken supporter of Saddam Hussein. 2015 followed him Mr. Al Rumaihi, which holds two master degrees in the U.K. and was a well part of training programms in administration, leadership, human resources, media, politics and law. The website of Radio Bahrain is still under construction, but 5 Webradio stations are to listen >>
http://www.mia.gov.bh/en/

BRUNEI

QSL 7215 khz

RTB Brunei Darussalam

In 1888 became the independent state of Brunei (Borneo Island) a british protectorate. 1942 occupied the Japanese Army Brunei for 3 years, until Australian Forces started an invasion 1945.-- 1954 Brunei was granted a limited autonomy under his Sultan. Then the Union of Malaysia was formed, and Brunei with Darussalam voted for independence, which was implemented January 1th, 1984.

Radio Services RTB began, when the late Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddin Sa’adul Khairi Waddein consented to officially launched in the evening of 2 May 1957. Owner of RTB is the government. In the early days, radio transmission could only be heard by people living within a 5 miles radius from the transmitter site. Broadcast was limited to only 2 hours 45 minutes a day, from 7.30pm to 9.45pm with Malay programming occupying 1,5 hour and English broadcast occupying 0,75 of an hour. The AM and the shortwave service was cancelled, RTB is now to hear via Sat, FM,Web and mobile App for smartphones.

Radio Networks with 18 studios since 2007:
1) Nasional FM – Infotainment (Slogan “Menjana Inspirasi”)
2) Pilihan FM – General Programming (Slogan “Simply Your Choice”) incl. English
3) Pelangi FM – For the Young & Young At Heart (Slogan “Penghibur Penggerak Minda”)
4) Harmoni FM – For Family & Sports (Slogan “Inspirasi Keluarga Bahagia”)
5) Nur Islam FM – For Religious Programming (Slogan “Wadah Tarbiyah Insani”)

Mission
To develop well-informed and knowledgeable society through quality programmes

Vision
To be a premier and dynamic media organization in nation building

Roles and Functions
Uphold the image of caring and effective Government
Uphold the concept of Malay Islami Monarcy and Negara Zikir
Strategic Partner in nation building towards realising 'Wawasan Brunei 2035'.
Bridging the mind / understanding between the Government and the people.
To introduce Brunei Darussalam to international community 24/7 through RTB 4 TV - International
(via Satellite).

History:
The first wireless station in Brunei was a spark gap Morse Code facility that was erected in Brunei Town, as it was known then, in the year 1920. This station was established for the purpose of communication with a similar station located on the island of Labuan that is now understood to be a part of Malaysian Sabah. Two more Morse Code wireless stations were established in 1922 and these were located at Brooketown-Muara on the tip of the small northern peninsula, and at Temburong in East Brunei. The fourth wireless station was established at Belait in the southern coastal area in 1925. Just two of these stations survived and they were identified as VSJ in West Brunei and VSL in East Brunei.

As far as radio broadcasting is concerned, the earliest beginnings go back to the year 1947 when the Marconi Company in England installed a new wireless communication station in Brunei Town. Ten years later, the Marconi Company founded a small experimental radio broadcasting station in a small one storied building, with a single on air studio and a single mediumwave transmitter. This new and rather experimental station made its inaugural broadcast fifteen months later, in August 1958.

The 1959 edition of the World Radio TV Handbook listed Brunei for the first time and it showed two mediumwave stations on the air; 2 kW in Brunei Town on the north coast and 20 kW in Tutong in the central coast. Interestingly, both stations operated on the same channel, 1240 kHz.

However, in the following year, 1960, three mediumwave stations were on the air; Brunei Town with the original three year old 1.5 kW transmitter now on 970 kHz, the 20 kW transmitter at Tutong on the same 1240 kHz, and an additional station at 1.5 kW on 1110 kHz at Belait on the south coast. Over the next half century, several new mediumwave stations were constructed, transmitters changed locations and frequencies, and new higher powered units for local coverage were employed. In fact, at the height of its activity, Brunei was on the air from seven different mediumwave transmitters at five different locations. Two of these high powered units were installed in 1977 for national and regional international coverage. The 100 kW station (later 200 kW) on 675 kHz was installed at Serasa, and the 200 kW unit on 594 kHz was installed at Tutong. Both of these high powered units could be heard quite clearly in the neighboring Malaysian and Indonesian states on the island of Borneo and beyond. It is understood that both of these 200 kW units were shut down, though they could be re-activated if necessary.

BELGIEN

QSL Radio Vlaanderen, Brussels f. 5910, 6035 khz + 1512 khz

RTBF QSL f. 5965, 7345, 9925 + 9970 khz

Radio Vlaanderen International

was the International Service of VRT Belgium, the public broadcaster of the flemish community. Shortwave and all other services ended 31. December 2011. Instead of this, Home px of Radio 1 and Radio 2 be broadcasted worldwide via satellite and Web.

Radio TV Belge de la Communaute Francaise (RTBF International)

is the International Station of Francophone Radio in Belgium and owned by RTBF, available in Europe and Africa via satellites and online.
RTBF International ceased his shortwave service on 31. Dezember 2009.

BRF
Der Belgische Rundfunk ist die oeffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunkanstalt der Deutschen Gemeinschaft.
Der Belgische Rundfunk macht als Rundfunkanstalt der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens die Gemeinschaft innerhalb und ausserhalb der Grenzen bekannt. 60 feste Mitarbeiter vor Ort und zahlreiche Korrespondenten erstellen ein vielseitiges Informations- und Unterhaltungsprogramm. Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur, Sport, Musik und Unterhaltung — insgesamt 6000 Stunden Radioprogramm im Jahr. Seit 1993 bietet der BRF auch Regionalfernsehen an.

Der BRF betreibt zur Zeit drei Studios: Die Hauptredaktion in Eupen stellt taeglich 15 nationale und internationale Nachrichtendienste und zwei Magazinsendungen mit euregionalen und internationalen Kernthemen zusammen. Die Inland-Redaktion in Bruessel beliefert das Eupener Studio mit aktuellen belgischen und Europa-Informationen. Schliesslich berichtet das Regionalstudio St.Vith betreffend die belgische und deutsche Eifel sowie ueber das angrenzende Grossherzogtum Luxemburg.

Der BRF ist aber auch im Internet vertreten. So sind die jeden Tag aktualisierten Regionalnachrichten auch im WWW nachzulesen.
Der Belgische Rundfunk kann auf eine lange Geschichte blicken: So erfolgte am 1. Oktober 1945 die erste Sendung via Mittelwelle von Bruessel aus. 1977 wurde dann das „Belgische Rundfunk- und Fernsehzentrum der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft" (BRF) gegruendet. Im gleichen Jahr wurde der Sendebetriebs nach Eupen verlegt. 1995 bezog der BRF sein neues Funkhaus am Kehrweg, dessen Foyer sich zu einem der Mittelpunkte des kulturellen Lebens in der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft entwickelt hat. 1998 ging ein - privates - Rundfunkprogramm „100’5 - das Hitradio" auf Sendung.

BOLIVIEN

Radio Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz de la Sierra)

QSL Letter 6135 khz

Audio with clear ID's

Die Station ist Eigentum der "Compania de Jesus" und wurde im Jahr 1950
als 'Radio Rural' errichtet. 1953 folgte die Umbenennung in Radio Santa Cruz.
Die Programme kommen in der Minderheit von der Station selbst, die Mehrheit
wird von befreundeten Organisationen und Einzelpersonen gestellt. In der
abgeschiedenen bolivianischen Amazonaswelt mit viel Landwirtschaft ist
Radio Santa Cruz eine wichtige Informationsquelle. Nachstehend der spanische
Programmplan. Das Publikum, das jeden Tag erreicht wird, ist auf 154 000
Personen beziffert. Nachrichten, Infos, Erziehung und lokale Angelegenheiten
machen 40 % der Programmstunden aus. Insbesondere landwirtschaftl.
Meldungen erfahren grosses Interesse. Gesendet wird auf MW und KW 49-m.

BOTSWANA

Radio Botswana and Shortwave Relais of V.o.A.

QSL Radio Botswana

QSL 4930 khz V.o.A. Botswana
+ 13860 + 15580 + 15620 khz
+ 9675 + 15495 khz, etc.

please click a QSL for media file

Radio in Botswana

The Broadcasting is traced as far back as 1961 when Botswana were still under British colonial rule. Then, a small transmitter located in Mafeking was employed mainly to broadcast agricultural programmes. A magazine, called Kutlwano, had also been set-up to provide information about Government policy. The two became the basis on which Information Services and Radio Bechuanaland (later Radio Botswana) were formed after Botswana's independence from Britain in 1966.

In 1968, and as a result of a media consultancy, the control of the state radio and print media were transferred from the Ministry of Home Affairs to the Office of the President. It was there the department was established after the merger between Information Services and Radio Botswana in 1978.
As a Government-owned media, the role of the Department of Information and Broadcasting is to mobilize Batswana towards national development, to inform them about events within and outside the country, to interpret such events and whenever possible suggest appropriate approaches to them. The department also educates and entertains citizens in accordance with national development goals and interests.

Although Government-owned, there are no statutory instruments governing the editorial independence of the media organs of the department. Editorial policy is being implemented independently from within the department in accordance with the mandate bestowed on the department by government. The department also executes editorial policy in line with its role as a public service media charged with the responsibility of promoting policies of the government. The department is hence, dedicated to the provision of objective, balanced, credible and professionally-tailored programmes and publications.
Although based in the capital city, Gaborone, the Department of Information and Broadcasting is spread across the country by way of 21 stations which fall under the direct supervision of four bureau offices. These bureaus are located in Gaborone, Kanye, Serowe and Francistown.

The United States International Board of Broadcasters (IBB) operates since 1981 a major Voice of America (VOA) relay station near Selebi Phikwe serving most of the African continent.

BRASILIEN

Radio Aparecida

QSL 9630 khz + 11855 khz

> CLICK QSL CARDS FOR MEDIA FILE <

Radio Aparecida: the Radio of Our Lady

The history of Radio Aparecida begun in 1935, when Redemptorist Missionaries noticed the importance of the radio as communication vehicle to the pastoral service. The idea was developed until the broadcasting station was created on September 8, 1951, with the aim of announcing Christ Gospel through radio waves.

Since the beginning, Radio Aparecida offered a Christian programming, with quality music, information and services rendered with truth and responsibility.

With daily broadcasting through three distinct waves (AM, SW and FM), Radio Aparecida has a solid history in its purpose of being a competent, profession and reliable broadcasting station, ensuring a quality programming to listeners.

Education and information are the two pillars that support Radio Aparecida programs, a radio connected with religious events in the National Sanctuary of Our Lady of Conception Aparecida.

The broadcasting station is supported by its countless listeners who, involved in the ideal of communication, have become representatives and partners of the Club of Partners, a project started on September 7, 1955. The Club of Partners purpose is to increasingly gather more people to collaborate in Radio Aparecida maintenance and its chief objective: evangelize Brazil. Priest Vítor Coelho de Almeida has become the great icon of the Club of Partners, creating the sentence that until today motivates partners and representatives: “Those who help preaching have merits of a preacher”.

Radio Nacional da Amazonia

QSL 11780 khz + 6180 khz

more Audio

Radio Nacional da Amazonia

Radio Nacional is a Brazilian radio network belonging to the government-owned corporation EBC (Empresa Brasil de Comunicao, Brazil Communication Company), formerly known as Radiobras.

The Brazilian system of public radio began to be assembled from the incorporation into state assets of the Radio Nacional, a Rio de Janeiro-based station in 1936, by President Getulio Vargas. In 1958, two years before the inauguration of new capital Brasilia, Radio Nacional Brasilia was founded and in 1976 the FM version, Nacional FM was assembled in the same city. In 1977, the shortwave Radio Nacional da Amazonia was created, covering much of Brazil with the aim of showing the Amazon culture to the rest of the country. In 2006, Nacional launched the Radio Nacional do Alto Solimoes, covering municipalities of the Alto Solimoes region of Amazonas state. The Radio Nacional owns five radio stations and retransmit their programming to hundreds of broadcasters around the Brazil.

BURKINA FASO

RTB Ouagadougou

QSL 5030 + 4815 khz

Burkina Faso, das ist das 'Land des aufrichtigen Menschen', ist ein westafrikanischer Staat, der suedlich des Nigerbogens liegt und an Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana sowie an die Elfenbeinkueste grenzt. Seine Unabhaengigkeit erlangte das Land am 5. August 1960. Bis zum 4. August 1984 wurde der Name Obervolta, den es in seiner Zeit als franzoesische Kolonie erhielt, verwendet. Die Umbenennung erfolgte durch den panafrikanisch-sozialistisch orientierten Praesidenten Thomas Sankara, der nach einer Phase politischer Unruhen 1983 in einer Revolution die Macht erlangte. Administrative und kulturelle Hauptstadt der rund 18,9 Millionen Einwohner ist die zentral gelegene Millionenstadt Ouagadougou.

Das Radio ist das wichtigste Informationsmedium in Burkina Faso. Seit 1959 sendet das staatliche Radio der RTB, das ausserdem den Sender Canal Arc-en-Ciel betreibt. Zahlreiche konfessionelle Sender wie Radio Evangile Developpement oder Radio Maria bieten neben religioesen Themen auch Informationen f. die Landbevoelkerung; die Lizensierung erfolgt durch die CSC (High Council of Communication). Jede Station muss mind. 1 Stunde am
Tag in der offiziellen Amtssprache senden (Franzoesisch). Die vorherige MW-Sendung in englischer Sprache wurde aufgegeben, ebenso alle Kurzwellen-Sendungen (Jahr 2010); nationale Dialekte dominieren die FM Ausstrahlungen. Webradio existiert inzwischen, jedoch haben nur 4 % der Einwohner einen Webzugang, und zwar mobil. Denn Festnetzverbindungen kosten mehr wie ein Jahreseinkommen. RTB ist Inhaber einer Webseite, die zahlreiche mp3-Podcasts archiviert hat, aber auch
aktuelle Nachrichten zeigt.

KAMERUN

Radio Nationale du Cameroun, Yaounde

click QSL = Audio 4972 khz

English ID was: "Yaounde, this is Yaounde, the national station of
Radio Cameroon, United Republic of Cameroon"

Radio in Cameroon

There is seemingly no current shortwave broadcasting in Cameroon. Official shortwave broadcasting from Cameroon Radio and Television appears to have ceased with Radio Buea being the last heard (see below). CRTV national and regional stations are now only on FM.

The first radio station in Cameroon was started in what was the French sector of the country in the early 1940's. This was located in the main seaport of Douala with just 150 Watts. After a break it was revived in 1946 and continued its low power operations until upgraded in 1955. From 1955, broadcasting in Cameroon was centred on the capital, Yaounde, and several provincial towns around the country. These were located as follows:

Yaounde: radio was established in the capital in 1955 by SORAFOM, the French agency responsible for implementing broadcasting aid projects overseas. Shortwave transmitters of 1 and 4 kW were initially installed and these remained in use for several years to come. A 30 kW shortwave transmitter was added in 1962. In 1977, a new transmitter of 100 kW was installed, which greatly improved the reach of the National Service and also saw the introduction of an International Service. Frequencies used by Yaounde in the 1970's, 80's and 90's included 4850, 4972, 6060 and 9745 kHz. The National Service from Yaounde was last reported in early 2000 on 4850 kHz.

Douala: a 1 kW shortwave transmitter was installed in Douala by SORAFOM in 1955. This gave several years service before eventually taken out of service, presumably due to its condition. In 1983, a new 100 kW shortwave transmitter was installed as part of a general upgrade for the station. This transmitter operated on 4795 and 7150 kHz and lasted for twelve years or so. It was last heard on shortwave in the mid-1990's. Radio Douala was referred to as the Litoral Provincial Station.

Garoua: SORAFOM set up a radio station in Garoua in 1958, which included a 4 kW shortwave transmitter. A 30 kW shortwave transmitter was added in 1964. In 1977 a new 100 kW transmitter was installed and replaced that of 30 kW, whilst the 4 kW transmitter remained on standby. Radio Garoua was the Northern Provincial Station and operated on 5010 and 7240 kHz. It was last heard in the late 1990's.

Buea: broadcasting in Anglophone Cameroon had always depended on the Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation for airing its programmes until a station was established in Buea in 1966. An initial 1 kW shortwave transmitter was soon increased to 4 kW and this operated on 3970 and 6005 kHz as the South-West Provincial Station. Radio Buea had been heard on 6005 kHz up until the early part of 2011 (reported daytime only).

Bertoua: the station at Bertoua was first heard on shortwave in 1977 when a 20 kW transmitter was installed. It operated on 4750 and 7195 kHz and was the Eastern Provincial Station of Radio Cameroon. Having been reactived at least twice during its lifetime, the station was last heard in the mid-1990's.

Bafoussam: as the Western Provincial Station, this was the last provincial radio station to be established in Cameroon on shortwave, coming on air in early 1980. It operated on 4000 and 5955 kHz with 20 kW. It was last heard in the mid-1990's.

KANADA

VOCM (Voice of the Common Man)

VOCM ist eine MW-Radiostation, sendet mit 20 kW Output auf 590 khz und ist beheimatet in St. Johns, Neufundland. Start der Programme war der 19. Oktober 1936. Das Rufzeichen mit "V" beginnend wurde noch zu der Zeit erteilt, als Neufundland ein "independent Dominion" und nicht Teil von Kanada war. Ausser VOCM gibt es nur noch 2 existierende Stationen dieser Art, VOAR und VOWR. Jetziger Besitzer von VOCM ist die Kette Newcap-Radio, die auch auf FM/UKW arbeitet. Inhaber von Newcap-Radio wiederum ist seit Mai 2000 die Firmengruppe "Newfoundland Capital Corp." Die Station ist bekannt geworden durch verschiedene Talk-Shows und 'Phone-in' Formate, an denen sich das Publikum live via Telefon beteiligen kann. Seit kurzem sind auch Relais-Programme (CFRB) oder Features wie "Coast to Coast AM" Programmbestandteil, nicht aber Sport, dem geringe Bedeutung beigemessen wird. Die "Morning Show", Nachrichten jede Stunde, und das musikalische Country-Format lassen insgesamt eine Programmvielfalt erkennen, die vor allem regionale Themen und konservativ-liberale Standpunkte darstellt und rundum in der Provinz als erfolgreich angesehen wird. Das lange Bestehen der Station spricht eine deutlich positive Sprache. Eine VOCM-Programmverbreitung erfolgt zum Teil auch durch die Newcap-Stationen CJYQ, CKIX und VOCM-FM. Ein Webstream-Angebot auf www.vocm.com rundet den Gesamtauftritt ab. VOCM wird nicht selten auch von hiesigen DX-ern berichtet und ist wohl die kanadische Station, die auch DX-Beginnern am ehesten gelingen wird; in Nordeuropa wurde die Relais QRG 650 khz (CKGA) im Winter jeden Tag empfangen, ID > "A Newcap Radio Field Communication Station". Aufgrund der hohen Zahl von Empfangsberichten werden seit Jahren ausschliesslich "eQSL-Briefe" via elektronischer Mail ausgefertigt, Signaturgeber ist oft Richard King: rking(at)vocm.com - Die VOCM Relais-Frequenzen 570 khz (CFCB), 620 (CKCM), 740 khz (CHCM) und 870 khz (CFSX) sind eher selten in Europa aufzunehmen. Jedenfalls hat sich VOCM unter dem Slogan "Local News Now" zu einer so bedeutenden Marke entwickelt, dass selbst der staatliche Rundfunk CBC Canada eine dauerhafte Zusammenarbeit mit VOCM erwogen hat (wozu es final nicht kam). Jedoch wurden Benefiz-Veranstaltungen wie "Annual Radiothon" (Health Care Foundation) oder "Radio Bingo" (VOCM Cares) supported. VOCM ist inzwischen ein eigenes Network, und die QSL-Moral ist gut. Es werden auch e-Mail Reception Reports via Audioclip-Anhang akzeptiert!

< click for Audio

GANDER AIR RADIO (ATC)

< click

Gander is also located in Newfoundland and this is
the closest shortwave transmitter from North America
to Europe. His signals between 2 and 13 Mhz are often
readable in good quality (SSB only); in parts of Asia, too.
The same is valid for the weather station GANDER VOLMET.

Please check here a VOLMET full audio tape (4min.)

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (C.A.R.)

Radio Centrafrique

QSL 5034 + 7220 khz

http://mt-shortwave.blogspot.de/2014/11/throwback-thursday-central-african.html

Info:
the transmitter 5035 khz is with 1 kW Output, means not enough for Listeners in Central Europe
Due to the fact that not a single DX-er was able to report these QRG, tentativeley the Tx is
inactive. The MW 1440 khz shall be installed during 2017.
So in the moment their is only FM reception in Bangui itself.

TSCHAD (Chad)

RDN Tchadienne, N'djamena

Office Nationale de Radiodiffusion et TV du Tchad (Radio Tchad) is the state-operated broadcasting service of Chad. It broadcasts on FM and shortwave. Its most recent shortwave transmitter was commissioned in 1984 and refurbished in 2004 thanks to financial and technical help from Taiwan. It had not been reported on its usual frequency of 6165 kHz since October 2013 but was reactivated in March 2016, prior to presidential elections in Chad, and has been reported few times irregularly since then. 0430v-1930v irregularly in French or Arabic or Vernaculars

CHINA, V.R.

a) Tibet / Radio Xizang, Lhasa
b) Kriegswichtigkeit von
Morsecode-Sendungen
c) Firedrake Jammer

zu a): Die Volksrepublik betreibt auf vielen Radiofrequenzen diverse Minderheiten-Programme --> CNR = China National Radio 2 bis 8 &
Radio Xizang PBS (Peoples Broadcasting Station Lhasa), u.a. 6130 khz

LHASA ist die Hauptstadt des 'Autonomen Gebiets' Tibet und trotz der eindeutigen Politik Chinas wohnen dort noch immer viele Buddhisten respektive Moenche. Tibet wurde zum 1. April 1959 der Volksrepublik China durch Okkupation einverleibt (Besetzung durch die chinesische Armee). Das legale Staatsoberhaupt, Seine Heiligkeit XIV. Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatsu, musste ins Exil nach Indien gehen, wo auch eine tibetische Exilregierung residiert. Eines ihrer Sprachrohre ist die 'Voice of Tibet' - siehe a) - eine oppositionelle kleine Clandestine-Station im Widerstand gegen die grosse VR China. Aus Tibet sendet China selbst via "PBS Lhasa, Xizang". Eine kleine Auswahl von chinesischen Geheimsendern (Clandestine's) habe ich im Internet gefunden, der Empfang auf Kurzwelle in Deutschland ist oder war aufgrund von geringen Sendeleistungen, kombiniert mit Jamming-Sendungen (u.a. Firedrake) bei uns nicht realisierbar; um so interessanter ist der Einblick in diese normalerweise verschlossene Radiowelt. Zum Multimedia-Link: bitte TX-Bild klicken.

mobile Transmitter sind ideal f. Clandestine-Programme

Voice of Tibet

u.a. 15582, 17485 khz + 15475 khz
Die Station ist ein "white Clandestine", die ihren
Standort nicht verheimlicht

zu b):
Hier ein uralter Schwarzweiss-Propagandafilm der VR China, den ich absolut mag, weil er so simpel gestrickt ist, dass man es schon wieder als genial bezeichnen kann....... man vertritt seitens der Kommunistischen Partei die Theorie, dass die Ausspionierung des Gegners und seiner Truppenbewegungen sowie die Weitergabe der Informationen via CW (Morsecode) kriegsentscheidend waren. Als Beweis dient der obige 5-Minuten-Film (bitte auf das Mao-Bild klicken).

zu c):
"Firedrake" -Firedrake keeps you safe-
ist ein seit langem bestehendes Programm chinesischer Inlandsherkunft, das unter Kurzwellenbegeisterten hohen Bekanntheitsgrad erreicht hat. Es gibt keinerlei An- oder Absage, der Standort ist aber eindeutig. Die interessant anmutende Instrumentalmusik -ohne jeden Gesang- ist lupenreine Folklore. Das Firedrake-Programm ist auch als "Great Firewall of China" bezeichnet worden, weil es die Einwohner von 'negativen' Radioprogrammen fernhalten soll; das sind vor allem taiwanesische Stationen --Schwerpunkt "Sounnd of Hope"- sowie Radio Free Asia. Firedrake ist ein Jammer und somit sollte der SWL (short wave listener) diese Station boykottieren - zumal keine Empfangsberichte beantwortet werden. Jedoch erfreute sich Firedrake in den letzten 10 Jahren trotzdem einer gewissen Beliebtheit, zum einen durch das ruhige Px-Format, zum anderen durch die eingesetzten Ausserband-Frequenzen, die zu einem leichten Auffinden beitrugen. Diese Frequenzen waren meist sehr leicht merkbar (z.B. 12600 khz oder 10005 khz), ein weiterer Vorteil, und es erfolgte eine breite Abdeckung der Kurzwelle; Transmitter waren zu finden verstreut vom 48-m-Band bis hoch zum 16-m-Band. Seit Mitte 2015 arbeitet man seitens des Informationsministeriums nun an einer Deckelung der immensen Kosten und hat die Anzahl der Sender stark verringert, zeitweise ist man abends nur noch auf 9315 khz oder 9455 khz aktiv, um den Empfang der Radio Free Asia-Relais zu verhindern. Leider zu oft erfolgreich. Zu Beginn des Jahres 2016 hat China das als von der Internationalen Gemeinschaft (ITU) als destruktiv empfundene Jamming via Firedrake durch eine geschicktere Variante zu ersetzen: die starken Sendestationen des vormaligen Firedrake-Netzwerkes wurden und werden nun mit dem Programm des chinesischen Heimatprogrammes ausgestrahlt, das ist 'CNR 1' (China National Radio). Ein kluger Schachzug, der CNR eine Vielzahl neuer SWL bescherte und das Programm weltweit empfangbar macht, egal wo man sich befindet. Die Kurzwelle hat eben ihre eigenen physikalischen Gesetze... gleichzeitig hat man die Sendungen auf den Frequenzen wie 7445 khz, 13830 khz, 21575 khz, 14410 khz, 11825 khz etc., sowie 15265 khz eingestellt/ aufgelassen. Die "Fans" nicht des Jamming, sondern der wunderbaren alten chinesischen Folklore sind via der Youtube Web-Plattform in der Lage, die Endlos-Schleife trotzdem bei Bedarf auf sich wirken zu lassen... man klicke das hier nachstehende Bild. Schon die Startsequenz ist eine Besonderheit!

CLANDESTINE

Over the Horizon (OTH) Radar "Woodpecker"

ein untypischer Geheimsender der UdSSR
--Mediadateien bei Klick auf die beiden Bilder--

SWL's gaben aufgrund des klopfenden Tons diesem Radar den Namen 'Woodpecker' (Specht).
Von 1976 bis 1989 war dieses sowjetische Kurzwellenradarsystem mit dem Codenamen "DUGA"
aktiv; in den Anfangsjahren auf vielen Frequenzen, die somit keinem anderen Zweck dienen konnten
aufgrund der Breitbandigkeit und dem Signal-Output von riesigen 100 x 100 kW = 10 Megawatt. Das
einzig Positive war, dass man zum einen die Anzahl der QRG's im Laufe der Jahre herunterfuhr, und
zum anderen diese zu ca. 50% ausserhalb des Nutzungsbereiches von Kurzwellen-Rundfunk lagen,
beispielsweise im Bereich von 19 MHz, oder von 10400 khz & 11100 khz, usw.

Als sicherer Standort der umfangreichsten Antennenanlage "Duga 3" konnte 1986 Chernobyl (Ukraine)
ermittelt werden, als nach dem dortigen Reaktorunfall sich das allgemeine Augenmerk auf die Stadt richtete.
DUGA war Teil des sowjet. Rakenabwehrsystems und wurde im Westen unter der Bezeichnung
"Steel Yard" beobachtet. Es gab 3 Standorte, die effektive Maximalreichweite betrug zwischen
9000 und 15000 km,wobei jedes System aus mehreren Sendern und einer davon abgetrennten
Empfangsanlage bestand; die Distanz zwischen beiden lag in Chernobyl bei knapp 50 km,
bei "Duga 2" (am Fluss Amur) sogar noch weiter auseinander. Die Techniker arbeiteten nicht immer
koordiniert, interessanterweise wurden die KW-Programme von Radio Moskau durch das
Radarsystem beeinflusst respektive waren z.T. nicht zu empfangen.... unfreiwilliges Eigen-Jamming.
Auch Funkamateure wurden zu Tausenden behindert: durch die Nutzung von 7025 khz im 40-m-Band.
OTH-Radar und seine Funktion ist in Wikipedia gut dargestellt.
Die Fachleute in Chernobyl bewiesen Humor: nach dem Abschalten wurden in einem Office Plakate
mit dem Motiv "Woodpecker" gefunden!
PS: Spekulationen, wonach es sich bei "DUGA" um eine sowjet. Vor-Version von H.A.A.R.P. handelte,
entbehren jeder soliden Grundlage nach der Befragung hunderter von ehemaligen OTH-R Mitarbeitern.

Seit circa August 2013 gibt es einen dauerhaften "Woodpecker"-Nachfolger namens "29B6 Container",
der aber technisch mit anderen Parametern arbeitet (Wiederholrate, Bandbreite, Modulation) und
oft die Frequenz in unter 1 Minute andauernd wechselt - sogenanntes "Hopping". ---
Manchen Meldungen zufolge, soll die russische Armee bereits auch einen "Container"-Nachfolger
entwickeln, der die mit US-Stealth-Technologie versehenen Flugzeuge sichtbar macht. KW-Radar
scheint also eine langfristige Zukunft zu haben ..... zumal die USA, Australien, China, Iran,
Israel, Rumaenien, Frankreich, Tuerkei, & England (via Zypern) es inzwischen ebenfalls nutzen.
Kroatien hat es nur getestet, Norwegen nutzt mit 53 MHz eine Frequenz ausserhalb der echten
Kurzwelle, und Deutschland benutzt ein Low-Power HF Radar auf 3180 khz - Standort Juliusruh.

Radio Okapi

'white' Clandestine for Destination Congo

Clandestine-Sender gehen aktuell fast nur noch den Weg, sich offen als
Opposition erkennen zu geben und nicht etwa aus dem betroffenen Land heraus,
sondern von einem Staat ausserhalb des Zielgebietes zu senden; dies ist dann meist
verbunden mit leistungsstarken Relais-Tx, die wiederum zu einer besseren
Bekanntheit beim Publikum fuehren, was mehr Empfangsberichte (RR) zur Folge hat!
Insofern ein sehr erfolgreiches Konzept, welches immer mehr Nachahmer findet.
Einige Clandestine-Programme sind nur via Webradio zu hoeren, alle haben aber die
Gemeinsamkeit, entweder via e-Mail und/oder postalisch bestens erreichbar zu sein.
Heutige Clandestine's haben engen Kontakt zum Zielpublikum und reagieren schnell.

Radio Okapi ist kein typischer Clandestine, sondern seit 2006 mit einer offiziellen
Sende-Erlaubnis versehen. Es wurde 2002 errichtet, und zwar durch die "Foundation
Hirondelle", die einer Anregung der UNO folgte. Heute ist der Sitz in Kinshasa
(Demokrat. Rep. Kongo). Radio Okapi hat als "Friedensradio" das gleichnamige
Tier als Namensgeber; es gibt allen kongolesischen Parteien und Gruppen die Chance,
gleichen Zugang zu Sendezeit zu erhalten. Derzeit wird in Franzoesisch und vier
afrikanischen Sprachen ausgestrahlt, darunter Swahili. Die Station hat inzwischen mehr
als 200 Mitarbeiter und ein Budget von 15 Millionen Dollar mit jaehrlicher Steigerung.
Man ist auch auf UKW aktiv.

Radio Impala

Clandestine Destination Rwanda

please read detailed infos here, plus Audio Files

Radio Dabanga

Clandestine for Destination Darfur

Radio Dabanga sendet f. Sudan / Dafur
meist im 19-m-Band sowie als Webradio

COSTA RICA

Radio for Peace International (RFPI)

< click!

RFPI was existing from 1985 to 2003 as an independent voice of peace.
At the start it was only a little project of a few students, but in long 18 years it shows more the face
of a full radio station.
After the end it was continued not as a station, but as selling program for stations like
Alternative Radio and program content provider for 16 different other programmes (example:
Free Speech Radio News). Finally a success story. Find more details about the past via the Weblink.

Radio Republica

'white' Clandestine Destination Cuba

http://swling.com/blog/tag/radio-republica/

CUBA

A) Radio Rebelde

Audiodatei: QSL-Abbildung klicken

Ueber die Geschichte der Insel Cuba habe ich schon im ersten Band von "Radio-Legenden" geschrieben. Die Vertreibung des vormaligen Dikatators Batista durch ein paar unerschrockene mutige Rebellen ist an sich schon ein kleines Wunder, die nachfolgende kubanische Revolution als Lebenswerk des Fidel Castro Ruz eine Leistung besonderer Art. Zeitgenossen seines besten Mitstreiters "Che" Guevara bezeugen bis heute tiefen Respekt vor diesem beeindruckenden Mann, der unter anderem in einer Rede vor den "Vereinten Nationen" in deren New Yorker Wolkenkratzer eine flammende Rede gegen das Verbrechen des Kolonialismus hielt.

Che Guevara arbeitete als Minister in der Regierung Castro, um dann als "Revoluzzer" in Bolivien ohne Gerichtsurteil erschossen zu werden. In der heutigen Sicht weiss man nun, dass die Erschiessung sehr wahrscheinlich auf direkte Anordnung der C.I.A. erfolgte. Das Photo des jungen Che - gemacht durch den Fotografen Korda - wurde weltweit auf T-Shirts, "Poster", Plakate und Bilder Millionen Male gedruckt, so dass er den sogenannten Kultstatus zu Recht darstellt. Allerdings haben viele, die sein Konterfei zeigen oder tragen, seine ureigenen sozialen Anliegen vergessen oder kennen diese gar nicht. Ironie der Geschichte.

Radio Rebelde wurde im Febr. 1958 gestartet in La Mesa, als Sendestation der "Bewegung 26. Juli" aufgrund einer Initiative von Che Guevara, der zudem im Befreiungskampf selbst oft am Mikrophon sprach. Zuerst Propaganda-Station in der Sierra Maestra, wurde schon im Folgejahr eine staatliche Station daraus (die der Rundfunkorganisation ICRT unterstellt wurde). Radio Rebelde gewann beim Revolutionskampf ein immer breiter werdendes Publikum, das den Informationen der Station vertraute... Dies wurde dann noch besser durch die Einsetzung des bekannten Schriftstellers Carlos Franqui als Direktor der Station. "Aqui Radio Rebelde" hatte sich zu einem echten Markenzeichen entwickelt!

Che Guevara jedoch (sein eigentlicher Vorname war Ernesto) ist bei Radio Rebelde in unvergesslicher Erinnerung geblieben, siehe auch die dortige Webseite. Vor allem seinem schriftlichen Testament wird dort hoher Respekt gezollt. Man meldet sich bis heute als "Emisora de la Revolucion". Wer die Programme von Radio Rebelde verfolgen will, ist nicht auf die Kurzwelle 5025 khz angewiesen, sondern kann auch im Internet teilhaben: www.radiorebelde.cu

B) Numbers Station
-Zahlensender V02-
auch bekannt als 'Cuban Lady'

Man vermutete den Transmitter "Atention!" (= V02) schon in Havanna, als versehentlich das Programm von RHC Cuba auf der fraglichen Frequenz 6855 khz ausgestrahlt wurde, zudem man vorher gelegentlich das Px auch im Hintergrund leise notieren konnte. Im Jahr 2001 wurde diese Vermutung zum Fakt durch "Confirmation" des amerikanischen FBI, die die erste weltweit war. Dieser Zwischenfall bewies demnach, dass Kuba Nachrichten und Befehle an Spione in den USA ausstrahlte. 1995 bereits drang man in die Wohnung eines Spiones ein und konnte den Dechiffrierungscode samt notwendiger Einmal-Schluessel kopieren, was der erste Schritt zur Verurteilung von 5 Spionen aus Miami war. Jede zielgerichtete Sendung dauerte eine Minute, wobei die Nachrichten durchaus auch lapidar sein konnten: "Gratuliert allen Genossinnen zum Internationalen Frauentag". Die normale Sendeleistung des Zahlensenders betrug 100 kW, und die Agenten aus Kuba benutzten SONY-Kurzwellenradios zum Empfang der Sendungen. Sprachnachrichten waren nach wie vor die am besten geeignete Methode, wie die Praxis zeigte; zumal ein KW-Radio wenig Aufsehen erregt. In der Botschaft/Konsulat hingegen wurden RTTY-Sendungen oder Daten-Polyphone bevorzugt, die via einer "2. Ebene" technisch hochkomplex hinter Sprachnachrichten versteckt gesendet wurden. In Flugzeugen und Schiffen kamen beide Technik-Spielarten zum Einsatz. Bekannt ist inzwischen auch, dass schon seit 1979 eine von Kuba genutzte sowjetische Technik existierte, womit digital gesendete Nachrichten in Digi-Anzeigen von KW-Receivern angezeigt wurden; dort betrug die Mindestsendeleistung 150 kW, um das entsprechende Signal aufzubereiten. Die UdSSR selbst strahlte zu Beginn sogar mit der 3-fachen Leistung von 450 bis 500 kW ab, und zwar den Zahlensender S06 auf der Frequenz 9950 khz (was vereinzelt Interferenz mit Radio Ukraine bedeutete). Der kubanische V02 wird jedoch immer im Geschichtsbuch verzeichnet sein, weil er zum einen der Erste offiziell benannte Zahlensender (Numbers Station) war und zum anderen der Betriebstechniker bei der "langweiligen" Sendung einmal einschlief und sein Schnarchen versehentlich via des Mikrofons live gesendet wurde. Eine solche "Clandestine"-Anekdote bleibt einzigartig. Bei einer Numbers Station ist klar, dass es keine QSL_Karten gibt. In 1991 wurde die Struktur der Zahlengruppen gewechselt, aber nach wie vor handelte es sich um eine weibliche spanische Stimme in AM Modulation, die mit einem in der DDR hergestellten Sprachgenerator erzeugt wurde. V02 Atencion erhielt einen Kollegen, V21 "Cuban Babbler" (u.a. auf 6529 + 5688 khz), und ist nunmehr inaktiv. Bei V021 ist die Besonderheit gewesen, dass im Gegensatz zu V02 ein Ansager/ eine Ansagerin LIVE die Zahlenkolonnen vorliest - zeitweise abwechselnd; das Mikrofon ist so sensitiv, dass man den Studio-Hintergrund erlauschen kann. Auch sind bei der Wiederholung von Zahlengruppen gelegentlich Fehler vorgekommen - was menschliche Stimmen beweist....

Und schlussendlich hat V021 einen Nachfolger bekommen, das ist "HM01", der so konstant sendet, dass er
auf www.short-wave.info einen eigenen Eintrag erhielt, als 'Cuban Spy Numbers' mit Frequenzen vorwiegend
rund um 11 Mhz, beispielsweise 10715, 11435, 11530, 11635 khz, aber ebenso 17480 khz & 5855 khz.
Die Station HM01 sendet oft kryptische binaere Daten, unterbrochen durch eine weibliche Ansagerin ("spanish Lady").

CYPERN

a) Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC Nicosia)

<click

Die Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC) ist die oeffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunkanstalt der Republik Zypern mit Sitz in Nikosia.
Die zyprische Rundfunkgesellschaft wurde 1953 als Cyprus Broadcasting Service gegruendet und hat seit 1960 den heutigen Namen. Betrieben werden drei Fernseh- und vier Radioprogramme, die als Livestream ebenso via Internet verbreitet werden. Gesendet wird auf Griechisch, Tuerkisch und Englisch, wobei der griechische Anteil im Programm überwiegt (12 Stunden am Tag). Das 1. und das 3. Programm werden nicht nur via Satellit, sondern auch auf FM & MW ausgestrahlt (603, 693, 963, 1044 khz - max. 50 kW).

b) BFBS Radio, Cyprus

<click
BFBS started under different name in 1943, and since 1980 is BFBS Radio 2 existing.
Shortwave is ceased, but you can listen BFBS via many ways: AM, FM, webradio,
Satellites and DAB mode inside the U.K., & some additive Relay-Stations.
Programmes of BFBS 2 coming mostly from any BBC Radio Stations. Since April
2013 BFBS Radio took over the UK locations from Garrison Radio and expand its Service
to all british Army Bases. BFBS Television started in Sept. 1975. A 2nd TV channel named
"Forces TV" was launched June 2014. BFBS doesn't carry commercial advertisings.

c) Famagusta Gazette Radio - Northern Cyprus (TRNC)

<click

http://famagusta-gazette.com/FG-radio.htm (since 1999)

DOMINIKAN. REP.

Radio Clarin - Santo Domingo
(Dominikan. Republik)

Radio Clarin war eine Zeitlang mein absoluter Lieblingssender, wenn ich auch viele Abende vergeblich lauschte, weil eine starke Station aus Europa das Signal von Radio Clarin zudeckte; und ich denke gerne an die Zeit, als es hiess: "Esta es Radio Clarin, La Emisora Internacional de la Republica Dominicana", die tiefe Echo-Stimme des Ansagers war sehr markant. Die Postfachadresse der Station ist seit 1962 die gleiche (Apartado Postal 205.2), und die Frequenz 11700 khz im 25-m-Band war gut merkbar. Der Kurzwellen-Transmitter wurde in 1993 an WRMI verkauft, aber auf Mittelwelle ist man bis heute aktiv (860 khz). Die Clarin QSL ist folder-artig und sehr gross. Sie hat einen zentralen Platz in meiner Sammlung. Die Antwortlaufzeit variierte je nach Laune der QSL-Managerin von etwa 50 Tagen bis zu 1 Jahr, ein Hobbykollege erhielt diese gar erst nach 6 Jahren! Um so wertvoller erscheint sie dann in der Nachbetrachtung. Man sendete 4 Jahre auch in Englisch, jedoch war die Spanisch-Sendung einfach mit besseren Sprechern ausgestattet und viel interessanter. Auf MW ist mir der Empfang nie gelungen, das ist eine Herausforderung an die DX-er, die am Atlantik in Portugal leben.

click the QSL, please

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

<click
6250 khz

Radio Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial is state owned and the national broadcaster of the Central African state of Equatorial Guinea, since 1968. Radio Nacional de Guinea Equatorial is headquartered in the capital city, Malabo. All SW Frequencies have been inactive due to technical problems. A Program in Spanish and Vernaculars is transmitted via FM 90.9 Mhz.

ERITREA

2 QSL 'Voice of the Broad Masses' 7020 khz
and 7175 khz (+- 10 khz), TX Asmara
--- click left image for Audio ---
ID: Dimitsi Hafash

QSL cards from this station are extremely rare.
Here is a german text update thru 'Radioeins'

Dimtsi Hafash: (Voice of the Broad Masses) is the state owned media that broadcasts from the capital Asmara. This national radio service begun under the liberation front in 1979. The high illiteracy rate among Eritreans, particularly in rural areas, make this medium the most effective to educate and inform the general public. Its correspondents are stationed throughout the country. With a transmission power of 100 kilowatts, Dimtsi Hafash covers all Eritrea and it also available via satellite. It broadcasts in nine Eritrean ethnic languages, (Tigrinya, Arabic, Tigre, Kunama, Saho, Afar, Bilen, Hedareb and Nara), Amharic, Oromo and Somali languages and covers a wide range of subjects targeted at general and specific audiences. Children and youth, for example, broadcast their own shows each week.

Dimtsi Hafash is state run and operates two networks. Prior to the defeat of the Mengistu regime in Ethiopia in 1991, it had operated earlier as a clandestine radio station, supporting the Eritrean People's Liberation Front and other opposition groups. The main services are:
Eritrean Radio - Programme 1: broadcasts in Tigrinya, Tigre and Kunama.
Eritrean Radio - Programme 2: broadcasts in Arabic, Afar, Amharic, Oromo, Saho, Bilen, Hedareb, Nara, and Somali.
After an absence of several months, Eritrean Radio's two shortwave transmitters have been observed back on air since early September 2016. Programme 2 was the first to be heard on 7175v kHz, accompanied at times by heavy Ethiopian jamming. This transmitter subsequently moved to 7185v kHz before returning to 7175v kHz but is still jammed at times. Programme 1 has been observed on 7145v kHz (ex-7200) and has also been jammed most of the time.
Stations currently transmitting on mediumwave and shortwave are:
845 Eritrean Radio - Programme 2 Asmara- 100 kW, UTC 0255-1000, 1430-2000 (ex 837 kHz)
945 Eritrean Radio - Programme 1 Asmara- 100 kW, UTC 0255-1000 & 1300-2000
7145v Eritrean Radio - Programme 1 Asmara- 100 kW, UTC 0255-1000, 1300-2000
7175 v Eritrean Radio - Programme 2 Asmara- 100 kW, UTC 0255-1000, 1430-2000
PS: private radio stations are forbidden in the Country since the year 1996.
The single FM transmitter of Dimitsi Hafash is defective; due to this also no webstream exists.
From time to time the radio station broadcasting the audio tone of "Eri TV"; examples are
speeches of the state president - like in January 2017.

ETHIOPIEN

Das Kaiserreich Abessinien bestand bis Sept. 1974 unter dem letzten Kaiser Haile Selassi, der von einem real-sozialistischen Militaerverwaltungsrat abgesetzt wurde, welcher 13 Jahre lang regierte, bis er die Demokratische Volksrepublik Aethiopien errichtete. Seit 1991 steht das Land unter der Kontrolle einer Koalition namens "Revolutionaere Demokratische Front der Aethiopischen Voelker" und 1995 trat die staatliche Verfassung der Demokratischen Bundesrepublik in Kraft, die die Trennung von Staat und Kirche weiterhin vorschreibt. --Die ersten Missionare waren zwar katholische Jesuiten, aber die Katholiken stellen weniger wie 1% der Population, jedoch rund 45% der Einwohner sind orthodoxe Christen.
Trotz der als rigide und restriktiv bekannten Regierung gab es einige Kurzwellenstationen im Land,
z.B. Fana Radio (FBC), Voice of the Gospel & bis heute aktiv: Voice of Tigray Revolution (DWT).

a) Fana Radio (FBC)

6940 khz - please click QSL

b) ETLF Voice of the Gospel

15190 khz -please click QSL

c) Voice of Tigray Revolution (DWT)

5500 + 5950 khz
Voice of Tigray Revolution

the Website of the station is no longer updated, but a stream of the FM px
is available.
The AM Tx 1359 khz (100 kW) was any times reported thru DX-ers via YT.
Usually is the QRG 5950 khz, if not disturbed thru 'Brother Stair'.

FAROER INSELN

RAS Torshavn (Utvarp Foroya -UF-)

QSL 8287 khz (QRG is cancelled)

UF ist, wie auch das Fernsehen SvF, ein oeffentlich-rechtlicher Sender mit einem Programm, das ueberall auf den Inseln und via Streaming-Audio weltweit im Internet empfangen werden kann. Heute sind sowohl das Fernsehen SvF und das Radio UF in der gemeinsamen Rundfunkanstalt Kringvarp Foroya zusammengefasst.

Der Sender hat seinen Sitz in Torshavn und untersteht dem Kulturminister in der Landesregierung. Es wird ausnahmslos in der Landessprache gesendet.
Die Website KVF.fo ist neben portal.fo die wichtigste Nachrichtenquelle in der Landessprache im Internet. Weiterhin findet sich auf der Website ein umfangreiches Archiv an alten Sendungen. Besonders interessant sind hier die Livereportagen der Rudersport-Regatten, die einen guten Eindruck davon vermitteln, mit welchem Enthusiasmus dieser Nationalsport verfolgt wird.

Fuer die einheimische Musikszene bedeutend sind die "Charts 15" mit woechentlichen Abstimmungen, zur Auswahl stehen sowohl internationale als auch inlaendische Titel.

Rundfunk Sendezeiten sind generell:
Montag-Freitag 07:00–23:10 Uhr
Samstag 07:15–01:00 Uhr
Sonntag 10:00–19:00 Uhr
Bis auf den einzigen Mittelwellensender am Leuchtturm Akraberg an der Suedspitze der Inseln wird auf Ultrakurzwelle gesendet. Der Mittelwellensender dient mit 1oo kW auf 531 khz auch der Versorgung der Fischereiboote auf den Meeren rund um die Inselwelt.

FINNLAND

Finland was one of the pioneering countries in radio, as Russian scientist Alexander Popov experimented in year 1900 with his equipment in an archipelago near Kotka, Finland, then a part of Russian Empire.

Broadcasting began in Finland in 1923 in Tampere by a veteran radio amateur Mr. Arvi Hauvonen. His station Tampereen Radio (Radio of Tampere) operated 1923-1930, with power of 10 - 150 watts.

The National Broadcasting Company, called Yleisradio (General Broadcaster) was founded in 1926. The first transmissions were sent from the Home Guard radio station, later from Army Signal Batallion station, both in Helsinki.

Radio clubs and societies all over the Finland began to relay Yleisradio programmes, but the quality of reception was far from satisfactory. The reception problem was solved by building a big 25 kW station in Lahti in 1928, designed by German Telefunken. By 1929 power was increased to 40 kW. Meanwhile, Yleisradio built a chain of transmitters in the largest cities: 1930 - Helsinki 10 kW; 1931 - Viipuri 10 kW; 1931 - Oulu 1 kW; 1931 - Tampere 1 kW; 1933 - Pori 1 kW; 1934 - Sortavala 0.25 kW.

By the year 1935 all the equipment of the remaining private radio clubs were purchased by Yleisradio. From 1929-1933 Lahti used 167 kHz. In 1934 in Geneve the frequency was corrected to 166 kHz despite French attempts to "kidnap" that frequency for Paris.

Since 1935 Lahti has had an unfortunate neighbor - the strongest station of the world - 500 kW Moscow Komintern on 172 kHz. Lahti was jammed by Moscow as soon as the "Winter War" began. In 1939 before the war the power of Yleisradio network had been increased on every station so that Lahti was using 150 kW, Turku 40 kW, and Viipuri 20 kW. Since 1943 Kuopio has used 30 kW, and Rovaniemi, where German troops had founded their own station and broadcast in Finnish too, joined the network with 15 kW station.

Occasionally the Russian propaganda in Finnish and Finnish programme from Helsinki fought their own war on dial around the frequency of Lahti as furiously as the men in the front. In Lahti there was assembled a system that changed the frequency as soon as the counter-programme was detected, but on the frontline the effect wasn't welcomed, because the signal faded too much. (After the war Russian delegation arrived and demanded to know how the change from nominal frequency was made possible. When they saw the equipment; old phonograph player, a couple of switches and some cables, they didn't want to make any further questions.)

After the war, Finland (as a loser in the war) - had to give up the frequency and Lahti was ordered to share 160 kHz with Romanian Brasov. 166 kHz was allocated to BBC in Ottringham. From 1950 Lahti was thrown to the other end of the dial, to 254 kHz, and there the station operated till it was closed down in 1990's. Masts and buildings have survived. The transmitter building has now a Radio & TV Museum inside.

The Finnish Broadcasting Company ordered four SW transmitters from Marconi in England before 1940 Olympic Games, but due to wartime circumstances, those transmitters as well as Olympic Games were never seen. Instead, Lahti operated on shortwave to North America during all the years of war. The initial English broadcast to North America took place in 1st January 1939, the programme included "Andante Festivo" conducted by Dr. Jean Sibelius, which is the only surviving recording of Sibelius himself playing or conducting an orchestra. The wartime foreign broadcasts were merely newscasts in the most important European languages and in Estonian. The main target audience in North America were the Finnish immigrants and their descendants.

In the archives of the Lahti Radio & TV Museum there are many fascinating reception reports from 1920's to 1940's. Unique, colourful reception report forms from various clubs and individuals make colourful and interesting reading. The farthest-away authentic looking reception appears to have come from the Tufts Radio College Society in Boston, Massachusetts, during the winter 1939-1940. On the other hand, the infamous Ollie Ross, a man who claimed that he had heard every radio station in the world, has gracefully reported Lahti on LW in the 1930's.

YLE (Finnish Broadcasting Company):
For the greater part of Yle's existence the company was funded by the revenues obtained from a broadcast receiving licence fee payable by the owners of radio sets (1927-1976) and television sets (1958-2012), as well as receiving a portion of the broadcasting licence fees payable by private television broadcasters. Since the beginning of 2013 the licence fee has been replaced by a public broadcasting tax (known as the "Yle tax"), which is collected annually from private individuals together with their other taxes, and also from corporations.

By far the major part of the Yle tax is collected from individual taxpayers, with payments being assessed on a sliding scale. Minors, as well as persons with an annual income of less than €7,813 are exempt. At the lower limit the tax payable by individuals amounts to €50 per annum and the maximum (payable by an individual with a yearly income of €20,588 or more) is set at €140. The rationale for the abolition of the previous television licence fee was the development of other means of delivering Yle's services, such as the Internet, and the consequent impracticality of continuing to tie the fee to the ownership of a specific device. Yle receives no advertising revenues as all channels are advertisement-free.
Yle has a status that could be described as that of a non-departmental public body. It is governed by a parliamentary governing council. Yle's turnover was € 398.4 million.

Yle operates four national television channels, 13 radio channels and services, and 25 regional radio stations. Finland being an officially bilingual country — around 5.5% of the population have Swedish as their mother-tongue — Yle provides radio and TV programming in Swedish through a department called Svenska Yle. As is customary in Finnish television and cinemas, foreign films and shows are generally subtitled on Yle's channels. Dubbing is used in cartoons intended for young children who have not yet learned to read, as well as many nature and history documentaries ("to avoid spoiling beautiful pictures").
In the field of international broadcasting, one of Yle's best known services is Nuntii Latini, the news in Latin, which is broadcast worldwide and made available over the Internet. Yle was also one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950.

The broadcasts on shortwave from Yle were closed at the end of 2006. Expatriate organisations had been campaigning for a continued service, but their efforts did not succeed in maintaining the service or even in slowing the process. The decision also affected a high-powered medium wave on 963 kHz (312m). A smaller medium wave covering the Gulf of Finland region (558 kHz, 538m) remained on air only for a few more years.

Yle Mondo Broadcasts in English and other languages, mostly compiled from international radio services. Yle Mondo is available on FM in Helsinki and as an Digital audio throughout the country via DVB; additional via Satellite and Internet.

GABUN

Radio Africa No. 1

<click
9580 khz

Radio Africa No. 1 ist der erste panafrikanische Hoerfunksender. Er wurde 1978 mit franzoesischer Unterstuetzung in der gabunesischen Stadt Moyabi aufgebaut und sendet auch in der Region Paris.

Der Sender wurde 1978 als Reaktion auf wachsende amerikanische, suedafrikanische und europaeische Einflussnahme in Staaten Zentralafrikas gegruendet. Mit Unterstuetzung des damaligen franzoesischen Staatspraesidenten Valery Giscard d’Estaing wurde eine Sendeanlage mit einer Leistung von 500 kW in der Provinz Haut-Ogooue, nahe der Kleinstadt Moyabi aufgebaut, dieser Ort befindet sich in der direkten Naehe eines Wasserkraftwerkes. Nach eigenen Angaben erreichte der Sender zu dieser Zeit 40 Prozent der afrikanischen Bevoelkerung. Die Finanzierung des Senders erfolgt mehrheitlich ueber Zahlungen des Staates Gabun, Finanzhilfen aus Frankreich und Werbeeinnahmen.

Die Sendeanlagen in Gabun sind mittlerweile unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der globalen Kommunikationsnetze und werden auch f. Telekommunikation, Telemetrie, Seefunk sowie f. die Luft- und Raumfahrt genutzt. Der Sendebetrieb erfolgt mit modernster Technik und nutzt geostationaere Satellitenverbindungen.

Der Sender versteht sich als unabhaengiger afrikanischer Rundfunksender. Er unterhaelt ein eigenes Korrespondentennetz und sendet Nachrichten, Bildungsprogramme und Unterhaltungssendungen. Die Sendungen werden auf Franzoesisch, Englisch und in zahlreichen afrikanischen Sprachen ausgestrahlt. Die Bildungsprogramme werden vor allem in franzoesischer Sprache ausgestrahlt.

Der Sender hat (nach eigenen Angaben) derzeit etwa 40 Millionen Hoerer in aller Welt. Fuer das afrikanische Publikum werden die Sendungen im Kurzwellenrundfunk, in Ballungszentren um die afrikanischen Hauptstaedte ausserdem auf UKW ausgestrahlt.

Radio Africa No. 1 betreibt ein eigenes Studio in Paris und ist im Grossraum Paris auf UKW zu empfangen. Seit einigen Jahren sendet man einen Livestream im Internet, der weltweit genutzt werden kann. Der Sender ist zudem auf Africasat-1 als Satellitenradio zu empfangen.

GERMANY (DEUTSCHLAND)

a) Norddeich Radio

2614 khz
2023 khz, etc.

Die Kuestenfunkstelle "Norddeich Radio" genoss hohe Popularitaet
und sendete von Mai 1907 bis Dezember 1998. Die Hauptaufgabe war
die Herstellung des Funkverkehrs mit Kriegs- und Handelsschiffen. Die
erste verwendete Frequenz war 150 khz (= 2000 m), Betriebsart war
Morsefunk (CW). Schon ab Dez. 1907 konnte man Wettermeldungen und
Pressemitteilungen uebertragen. Nach einer Antennenerhoehung und
Steigerung der Sendeleistung auf 10 kW wurde man noch in 5000 km
Entfernung aufgenommen. Im Sommer 1921 startete man additiv den
Sprechfunkverkehr, und 1929 wurde der Kurzwellenbetrieb eroeffnet.
1931 folgte eine Empfangsstation. 1957 hatte sich Norddeich Radio
konsolidiert (u.a. 20 Antennen und erheblich steigende Telegrammzahl),
so dass man den 50. Geburtstag in Ruhe feiern durfte. Zu Weihnachten
wurde "Gruss an Bord" gesendet und im Radioprogramm des NDR ueber-
nommen. Die Zahl der Mitarbeiter stieg auf 150. Ab 1965 erfolgte eine
umfangreiche Modernisierung auf den neuesten Stand der Technik. 1970
wurde der reine Sendebetrieb nach Osterloog, Cuxhaven & Elmshorn
ausgelagert. 1980 war der Zenit der Mitarbeiterzahl mit 260 erreicht.
Die neue Satellitentechnik fuehrte zu einem Rueckgang des Verkehrs-
aufkommens, das sich in den 1990-er Jahren dramatisch nach unten
korrigierte... inzwischen war statt der Dt. Bundespost die Telekom AG
der Inhaber und Arbeitgeber und es zeichnete sich schon ab, dass die
Station geschlossen werden sollte. Ab 1995 wurde stufenweise der Telegramm-
und Sprechfunkverkehr auf KW & Grenzwelle abgeschaltet, am Schluss
blieb noch der UKW-Sprechfunk bis zur finalen Schliessung zum 31. Dez. 1998.
Bereits 2001 bildete sich eine Initiative "Funkmuseum Norddeich Radio", und
im Maerz 2015 wurde in der Stadt Norden durch den eingetragenen Verein das
Museum eroeffnet, das alle Arbeitssituationen aufzeigt, die bei Norddeich Radio
vorkamen. Ehemalige Mitarbeiter fuehren fachkundig durch die Ausstellung.

b) Deutsche Welle

6075 khz

errichtet 1953

c) Radio Marabu

6210 + 6305 khz

gegruendet 1984 als KW-Station, heute ein
eingetragener Verein mit Sendernetz inklusive Sat-Kanal

d) DWD Pinneberg

5905 khz

gegruendet 1952, Sitz Offenbach am Main

e) ERF Mainflingen

1539 khz

errichtet 1959, heute "ERF Medien e.V.", Wetzlar

f) Deutschlandfunk

6190 khz und MW

Logo des Deutschlandfunks

gegruendet 1962, existierte bis 1994 als eigene Rundfunkanstalt deutschlandweit
und wurde dann in Deutschlandradio (DLR) integriert

g) RIAS Berlin

6005 khz

gegruendet 1946, beendet 1993

h) SDR Stuttgart "Suedfunk"

6035 khz

bestand von 1949 bis 1998

i) BR (Bayerischer Rdf.)

6085 khz

gegruendet 1949

j) WDR 1

wurde gegruendet 1956

k) Hansawelle Bremen

6190 khz

wurde ins Leben gerufen: 1945

l) Sender Freies Berlin

SFB-Logo. | Bildquelle: RBB

1954 - 2003

m) Funkbake "NDB" Airport Frankfurt-Main
(ungerichtetes Funkfeuer)

Abbildung: NDB Flughafen Frankfurt/Main
297 khz + 382 khz

n) Radio Berlin International, ex-DDR

o) Suedwestfunk

SWF3 Logo.svg

gegruendet 1946, sendete bis 1998

GHANA

GBC Accra

3366 (Radio 2 in English) + 4915 khz (Radio 1 in vernaculars)

GBC
The broadcasting service was originally known as the Gold Coast Broadcasting System, introduced 17.00 UTC on 31 July 1935 by the colonial Governor, Sir Arnold Hodson, before it was renamed to the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation upon the country's independence in 1957. Throughout its history it has been independent of the government's Information Services Department.

The call sign of the new broadcasting Service was "ZOY". It was manned by eight technicians and housed in a small bungalow on 9th Road near the Ridge Police Station in Accra. Broadcasting first begun in four Ghanaian languages, namely Fanti, Twi, Ga, Ewe, and later Hausa. Part-time staff were engaged to translate and announce the news in these languages until 1943 when full-time staff were appointed. Between 1946 and 1953, the organisation was administered by the Public Relation Department, now the Information Services Department.
On the recommendation of a commission set up in 1953, the Gold Coast Broadcasting System (GCBS) was established and from there it became a department in its own right. On attainment of independence in 1957, the Gold Coast was renamed Ghana and the GCBS became Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC).

Later was Ghana active with two shortwave transmitters (10 and 20 kW) in any local languages like Akan, Dagbani, Ewe, Ga, Nzema and Hausa; but unfortunately all five alternate transmitters are going defective forever. The last one in Accra was from 1984 with a max. power of 50 kW and worked with 20 kW only; he died in 2007. In year 2008 the government advised a plan to buy a brandnew transmitter; it wasn't done.
So shortwave is finally dead in Ghana and the broadcast activities are via FM.

Px content is news, talks and the rich mosaic of local music. A paintful picture of round 100 FM stations give nice entertainment to the Ghana audience, also partially via the Web. Since 1993 the freedom of speech is anchored in the constitution. Since 1988 are BBC, Voice of America and Radio France Internationale active inside Ghana, also with own FM relay stations.

GRENADA

Radio (Free) Grenada

Der KW-Rundfunk begann in Grenada 1954 mit WIBS = Windward Islands Broadcasting Service auf 5010 khz
und 11970 khz, bevor Radio Grenada am 1.1.1972 durch die Staatsregierung gestartet wurde und lange Zeit
auf Frequenzen mit 5 kW rund um 15 Mhz zu empfangen war (15045 khz, 15105 khz).
Von 1979 bis Okt. 1983 nannte sich die Station nach einem linksgerichteten Armeeputsch "Radio Free Grenada";
dieser wurde wiederum ab dem 25. Okt. 1983 durch die US-Armee beendet, die als eine der ersten Aktionen
die Radiostation zuerst besetzten und dann funktionsunfaehig machten, um Agitationen gegen die USA zu
verhindern. Ein "neues" Radio Grenada wurde am Flughafen installiert. Zuvor war der Premierminister des
Landes (Maurice Bishop) durch grenadische Soldaten erschossen worden.
Radio Grenada stellte bald seinen Sendebetrieb ein, um Stationen auf MW (und danach UKW) Platz zu machen.
Der vorletzte aktive MW-Sender "Klassic AM" auf 540 khz mit 10 kW Tx schloss im April 2014 und beendete somit
fast das Kapitel "AM Rundfunk aus Grenada". Heute strahlen noch FM-Stationen aus, und via Web und MW 1400 khz
eine rein christliche Station namens "Harbour Light Christian Radio" aus Carriacou.

GUATEMALA

Radio Verdad

4052,5 khz / 4055 khz

Quote "We say: Verdad means Truth."

The Educational and Evangelical Station “Radio Truth” was born within the mind of its founder, Dr. Edgar Amilcar Madrid Morales, by the beginning of 1967, when he got the illusion of mounting a small 25 watts transmitter, on short wave, as an extension of his Evangelical Radio Program “Back to Jesus”, which was founded on the 1st of April, 1966. By the beginning of November 1970, a North American, Philip Martin, offered to grant him a 1000 watt transmitter, of any necessary type. When he realized that his project was becoming so large, Edgar Amilcar Madrid applied for the backing of the Yearly Meeting of Friends Churches of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, which was granted through a loud “Amen”. But, after the meeting, the newly appointed Superintendent said to him that he was not in favor of the project. Facing such an adversity, Edgar Amilcar Madrid thought it convenient to wait until there was a new Superintendent, in order to continue with his project. However, three months later, the Permanent Commission o the Yearly Meeting took over his project, and started to promote the foundation of what, later on, became the Friends Cultural Station. Under such circumstance, Edgar A. Madrid suspended his own project, and waited for their project to be developed, granting them his cooperation in all he was possible to do. The offer of the 1000 watts transmitter was lost, due to such adverse circumstance. After several years, without a significant advance in the Friends’ Cultural Station, Edgar Amilcar Madrid, continued again with his own project; it was by 1975. By this time, the National Radio Authorities offered him an FM frequency, as they had just adopted the FM band for radio transmission. But, he did not accept it, because he was not in a financial capacity to mount the project as yet, and he continued his wait. By May 1984, The Friends’ Cultural Radio Station came on the air, and Edgar Amilcar Madrid had to loan them his own name as a Legal Director, because the Government did not approve such station, unless he was a part of the project. His “Back to Jesus” Broadcast was the first structured program which was transmitted on the station, beginning May 28, 1984. Radio Truth’s Project was suspended again, with the hope that the Friends’ Cultural Radio Station would fulfill the existing spiritual need. But the Station’s spirituality was soon on a decay, and Edgar Amilcar Madrid took again his former project and, as a simple try out, he built the Audio phonic Close Circuit “Radio Truth”, with the help of two children, Darwin and Karen Patrice Gregory, on which they transmitted educational and spiritual programming, and operated from November 7th 1988 up to April 30, 1989, even when they paid the taxes in advance up to June 30th. The main announcers at the Circuit “Radio Truth” were: Rosendo Avila Salguero, Franklin Galvan Sance, Oscar Gamaliel Romero, Karen Patrice and Brenda Jemima Gregory Henriquez, some others, and Edgar Amilcar Madrid, as Director. Against such a Circuit, there was the strong opposition of a man who owned a commercial circuit, who presented without a success a demand against it. Afterwards, the same man conquered the will of a new environment authority, and accused us of environment contamination, due to our educational and spiritual programming. Chiquimula’s Governor accepted his false accusation, because he was afraid of that woman in charge of environment, and ordered the cancellation of our Educational Audio phonic Circuit. After the news of the forced cancellation of our Educational Audio phonic Circuit, Guatemala’s Central Government deprived that woman from her environment job, and instructed to restore our Circuit. However, Edgar Amilcar Madrid, refused to continue the Circuit, and took over again the old idea of mounting the Educational and Evangelical Station “Radio Truth”, against which they could not oppose again. Beginning that year, 1989, he started finding out all about legal steps, in order to obtain the frequencies for the new Station. At first, it seemed to be almost impossible, because the State Officers did not let him even present an application. They required from him to prove them first that he possessed lots of money. They were suggesting tipping underground, which was not acceptable at all. In the mean time, we were gathering so many documents, like Penal Background, Citizenship certificate, legal support of a Radio Technician, legal proof of economical and professional status of the applicant, budget, Station programming, electronic diagrams of the equipment, previous purchase bill of the equipment, cartographic map showing the site of the transmitter, and many other requirements. First attempts of application were made in October 1990 and May 1993. On September 6th 1994, we attempted to deliver an application, but the officers refused to receive it, until we got the help of Lic. Conrado Monroy, from Prensa Libre Journal, and it was accepted on the 24th of September 1996, and it finally prospered. It was very soon after, when we got the favorable judgments, until there was only one thing missing: The signature of the Minister of Communication. But, immediately after, the Minister of Communication gave instructions to suspend all radio legal steps, because he was planning to ask the Congress to modify the radio laws. His idea was to sell all frequencies. His action was illegal, because the former law was still in force. But he stopped all procedures and did not return any of the difficult to get documents. By the beginning of the following year, the new Law had been published already and, on February 25th 1997, we applied for our short wave and link frequencies. But the short wave frequency was rejected, because they did not accept either the power nor frequency applied for. On December 15th we applied again for our short wave frequency. For that purpose, we got the help of Ing. Robert Bravatti, who was working for the Telecommunication Superintendence, which was created for the effects of the new law. We also received the free backing and orientation from the Radio Technician Hugo Calvillo. Finally, we purchased our link frequency on the 2nd of April, 1998, through a public auction, and the short wave frequency on the 19th of June the same year. For the short wave frequency, there was no need of a public auction, because there happened a miracle from God. There were 50 applications entering together, but Radio Truth’s and another frequency of the like, were excluded from the public auction. We avoided this way the need of paying huge amounts of money for it, which could even be several million Quetzals (about half a million dollars). Finances for the purchase of the main transmitter were gathered by regular offerings and other activities during eleven years, beginning on the 14th of November 1988. The Radio’s buildings and studios were financed by the Central Holiness Friends Church, with the help of other Churches like New Valley, Ruano’s Colony, Galilean Complex, Lone’s Colony and others. Further on, Radio Truth and the Central Holiness Friends Church built an open air auditorium, kiosk, temple, pastoral house and other buildings. “Radio Truth” came on the air on the 25th of February of the year 2000, by 5:20 p. m.

From the beginning, Radio Truth's transmitter has suffered the destructive effects of many lightning strikes, for which cause we have suffered severe difficulties during several times. But, the gravest situation came to be on September 21st, 2008, when a lightning strike severely destroyed our two amplifier modules, and we were left off the air during two years, because several technicians attempted to fix it and were not able to do so. On the 17th of September, we got to come on the air with a small ham radio, with 50 watts power. The results were good. On the 17th of October, there arrived from Canada Eng. Ralph Wayne Borthwick, who was able to repair the transmitter, and built a new very powerful antenna. It was so, that we went on the air with 500 watts power on the 26th of October, 2010. The results have been great.

GUINEA

Radio Guinee, Conakry (RTG)

9650 khz

Radio Conakry was founded in 1958 at the same day as the independent state of Guinea.
During the year 2011 the shortwave transmitter (31-m-Band) strikes and caused a stop
of transmission for long 5 years. After repair RTG Conakry is back on shortwave since
April 2016 and was some times confirmed thru european DX-ers, pls check Youtube for
detailed receptions. QRG is today still unchanged the 9650 khz, with 50 kW Output.
Mediumwave is silent, since the Tx 1386 khz was shut down in 2014. Earlier the QRG
1295 khz was moved to FM. Also BBC and RFI are to receive via FM relays.

HAITI

Radio 4VEH

Es war einer der sogen. motivierenden Situationen im DX-Leben, als ich die Station 4VEH mit einem Kenwood-Rx und einer Langdrahtantenne im elterlichen Garten empfangen konnte. Der Garten war riesige 450 m lang, der Langdraht von 150 m konnte ohne Filter nicht verwendet werden, aber das besorgten bestens zwei nacheinander geschaltete Drehkondensatoren.
Dreimal eine Nacht des Wartens, in der vierten Nacht dann endlich das grosse "Aha-Erlebnis". Ich war zu dieser Zeit Abonnement-Bezieher des 'ADDX-Kurier', und im Januar-Heft 1975 war eine Vorstellung der Station enthalten, die ich bislang noch nicht empfangen hatte. Das weckte den Jagdinstinkt und das Interesse gleicherweise. An FEBA Seychellen 11860 khz vorbei ging es zu FEBC Manila 11850 khz, das Ziel war 11835 khz Haiti. Doch an den ersten Abenden war das QRM von Radio Kuwait zu stark, das mit etwas Drift direkt daneben sendete. Dann endlich, am 4. Abend: Radio Finnland beendete seine 22 Uhr-Sendung, und leise klang es nach dem Pausenzeichen um 23 Uhr UTC aus dem Lautsprecher: "This is Radio 4VEH, the evangelistic voice of hope in Haiti, this is Radio 4VEH".
Das Tonband lief mit, ein christliches Programm mit viel Wortbeitrag, jedoch: der DX-Empfang war erfolgt, und schon am Folgetag schrieb ich einen Empfangsbericht, den der Opa zur Post bringen musste. Das Px an sich war wenig interessant, so dass ich bei der grossen Auswahl an KW-Stationen so schnell nicht wieder auf 4VEH stiess -- ich verweilte Mitte der 1970-er Jahre lieber bei FEBA Mahe, fast jeden Abend. 4VEH erlebte einige Hoch- und Tiefpunkte, mein RR war unbeantwortet geblieben, so dass ich 2 Jahre danach einen weiteren schreiben musste, um endlich das begehrte Papier in der Hand zu halten. Beim ersten hatte ich wohl den IRC vergessen... PS: die Station feierte dieses Jahr 66 Jahre Bestehen seit Start!

Pausenzeichen: bitte QSL klicken

HAWAII

WWVH Kauai (N.I.S.T.)

<click
u.a. 5, 10, 15 MHz

WWVH began operation on November 22, 1948 at Kihei on the island of Maui, in the then territory of Hawaii (Hawaii was not granted statehood until 1959). The original station broadcast a low power signal on 5, 10, and 15 MHz. As it does today, the program schedule of WWVH closely follows the format of WWV. However, voice announcements of time were not added to the WWVH broadcast until July 1964.

The original WWVH station site was constantly threatened by an eroding shoreline, and much of the stations equipment and property had been damaged. It was estimated that a lot of shoreline were lost in the period from 1949 to 1967. By 1965, the ocean was within a few meters of both the main building and the 10 MHz antenna, and it was obviously necessary to move WWVH to a new location.

In July 1971, the station moved to its current location, a 12 hectare site near Kekaha on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii. Owner of WWVH is the National Institute of Standard Time (NIST).

WWVH broadcasts time and frequency information 24 hours per day, 7 days per week to listeners worldwide. The information broadcast by WWVH includes time announcements, standard time intervals, standard frequencies, UT1 time corrections, a BCD time code, geophysical alerts, marine storm warnings, and Global Positioning System (GPS) status reports.

WWVH operates in the high frequency (HF) portion of the radio spectrum and radiates 10,000 W on 5, 10, and 15 MHz, and 5000 W on 2.5 MHz. Each frequency is broadcast from a separate transmitter. Although each frequency carries the same information, multiple frequencies are used because the quality of HF reception depends on many factors such as location, time of year, time of day, the frequency being used, and atmospheric and ionospheric propagation conditions. The variety of frequencies makes it likely that at least one frequency will be usable at all times.

From 2000 to 2007, NIST has installed new antennas encased in fiberglass rather than traditional steel supports, to resist corrosion from the salty ocean air. The fiberglass design will reduce maintenance and repair costs. The new design also enables the flexible, lightweight antennas to be easily lowered to the ground for maintenance, reducing safety hazards to staff. The improved antennas should reduce signal downtime for WWVH users. The 5 MHz antenna system consists of half-wave phased array vertical antennas. The 2.5, 10 and 15 MHz antennas are base-fed vertical monopoles that radiate omnidirectional patterns. Each frequency also has a vertical monopole standby antenna connected to the standby transmitters, in the event that the primary system fails.

The signals broadcast by WWVH use double sideband amplitude modulation. The modulation level is 50 percent for the steady tones, 50 percent for the BCD time code, 100 percent for the second pulses and the minute and hour markers, and 75 percent for the voice announcements.

IRLAND

A) Radio Telefis Eireann - RTE

252 + 567 khz

Radio Teilifis Eireann = Radio and Television of Ireland (abbreviated as RTE) is a semi-state company and the national public service broadcaster of Ireland. It both produces programmes and broadcasts them on television, radio and the Internet. The radio service began on 1. January 1926, while regular television broadcasts began on 31. December 1961, making it one of the oldest continuously operating public service broadcasters in the world. RTE also publishes a weekly magazine called the RTE Guide.

RTE is financed by a television licence fee and through advertising. Some services are only funded by advertising, while other RTE services are only funded by the licence fee. RTE is a statutory body, run by a board appointed by the Government of Ireland. General management of the organisation is in the hands of the Executive Board headed by the Director-General. RTE is regulated by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. Radio Eireann, RTE's predecessor and at the time a section of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs, was one of 23 founding organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950.

In 1973 the radio service moved from the centre of Dublin, where it had been housed since 1928, into a new purpose-built Radio Centre beside the existing Television Centre on the Donnybrook campus Dublin.

Now RTE is a nationwide Network with additional services. RTE 2 started May 1979. Since April 1972 an native Irish language px, RTE Radio Na Gaeltachta is to listen (partially via Satellite), and 2006 was the step into DAB broadcasts with 8 digital-only radio stations.

May 2011 launched RTE digital DVB-TV, and so at 24. October 2012 all analogue transmissions in Ireland were ended by law. Since 1996 RTE operates as a webradio station and after 2012 it's to receive in Northern Ireland as part of the "Freeview DVB-T" Radio Package. RTE is also the major broadcaster of sports like 'Gaelic Football'. Shortwave was mostly used in the past for special events (stopped 2003), and the 4 mediumwave Tx were closed between 2003 and March 2008; they changed also in 2002 the longwave of Atlantic 252, a joint venture with R.T.L., against RTE Radio 1. The year 2009 saw start of radio broadcasts via "WRN network" for Irish people in Africa one hour a day.

B) Shanwick Aer Radio, Shannon

5680, 5813, 8145, 11440 khz, etc.

C) Shannon Volmet

5505 khz

Shannon (Air) Radio ist die bedeutendste Bodenfunkstelle f. den europaeischen Transatlantik-Flugverkehr. Die von der Irish Aviation Authority betriebene Station strahlt Wetter und Warnmeldungungen fuer das Fluggebiet Nordatlantik aus.

Shannon Aeradio wurde 1936 fuer die Kommunikation mit Flugbooten eingerichtet, die den Atlantik ueberquerten. Die Fluege dauerten in der Regel bis zu 18 Stunden und starteten in Foynes, in Irland und landeten in Botwood, in Neufundland. Die Kommunikation wurde in Morsetelegrafie abgewickelt.
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde Sprechfunk f. die Kommunikation zu Flugzeugen, und Fernschreiben (RTTY) f. die Uebermittlung im Festen Flugfunkdienst eingefuehrt.

Seit den 1950er Jahren strahlt Shannon VOLMET Flugwetter-Meldungen fuer die Airports Shannon, Dublin, Prestwick, Bournemouth, Amsterdam und Bruessel aus.

ISLAND

Rikisutvarpid Reykjavik 12175 khz

Rikisutvarpid = RUV (English: 'The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service') is Iceland's national public-service broadcasting organization.
Operating from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavik, as well as regional centres on the country, the service broadcasts a variety of general programming to a wide audience across the whole country via radio channels 1 and 2, and one TV channel.
RUV began radio broadcasting in december 1930 and its first television transmissions were made in 1966. In both cases coverage quickly reached nearly every household in Iceland. RUV is funded by a broadcast receiving licence fee collected from every income tax payer, as well as advertising revenue. RUV stopped 1982 the transmission on 12175 khz as "Voice of Iceland" (5 KW only).
Since 1986, the year in which its monopoly as the only permitted domestic broadcaster was ended, RUV has faced competition from a number of private broadcasting companies. On 31 March 2011, RUV introduced a major re-branding of its stations and new logos.
For its longwave transmissions on 189 kHz RUV uses Western Europe's tallest radio mast, the Hellissandur longwave radio transmitter. There is a second longwave transmitter on 207 kHz at Eidar in the east of Iceland. The longwave transmitters are intended to fill gaps in the FM coverage and serve the Icelandic fishing fleet.

ITALIEN

IBC
<click
1584 + 6970 khz
lot of Relay programs

For the 1st time in Italy a short wave private and independent radio, broadcasts its signal in the ether: it is "COMPAGNIA ITALIANA DI RADIODIFFUSIONE"; this name was soon abandoned and replaced into the English one "ITALIAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION – IBC RADIO".

It is really very exciting to remember the ups and downs, the problems, the successes and the misfortunes of that game which became a successfull enterprise.

IBC began its transmissions with a surplus military transmitter with 10 W of power, but with an effective radiated power of 1 W. The transmitter was connected to a vertical telescopic aerial timidly sticking out of a small skylight in a city in Central Italy. Anyway, thanks to the help of some amateur technician friends a small 2 W transistorized transmitter was built which amplified to an amazing 10 W ! All this was hidden in a common shoe box; the "box" connected to an inverted-V dipole and installed somewhere in the country hills brought great luck to IBC on the famous 6275 kHz. At the end of the famous "first" time year, regular broadcasts began.

However, the palimpsest was rather limited: a weekly transmission of 30 minutes, every Sunday and repeated 3 or 4 times during the day.

The arrangement for the broadcast was and remained always the same: normally it was recorded Friday night, in that famous attic in which there was a home-made studio. With the help of friends from all over Italy, who sent recordings, new programmes were invented, the musical palimpsest was chosen, "Play DX" was read. One of IBC's characteristic was to always up-date its listeners about their favourite hobby, of course the radio listening; so that the help between the Milan bulletin and IBC was very close. A lot of readers certainly remember that IBC's address was by that bulletin editing and every week during the DX programme the "Play DX" was read.

Still speaking about programmes, without doubt, every week end, one of the most listened to programmes was "Listeners' mail", run by ......, alias Saverio Masetti. All the letters were somehow included in the programme, to the great satisfaction of the listeners, but perhaps to the greater satisfaction of IBC which, in this way, informed everyone that its broadcasts were listened to in both Australia and in Finland, or whereverelse, and that "The History of Telecomminication" by Fabio Veronese was enjoyed by the listeners, and that the Dario Monferini's speech was interesting, and so on.

As time passed there were many more helpers, more programmes and better transmissions techniques. During the best period, if we can say so, IBC transmitted, at the same time, on four frequencies every Saturday and Sunday. The 11585 kHz frequency became the "feather in the cup": 200 W a real "Worldwide diffusion". This is also the period in which the programme was exchanged with other stations; in this way IBC's broadcasts could be listened to with a stronger signal from Australia on 41 meters band and from The Nederlands on 48 meters band; of course IBC trasmitted the foreign radio programmes.

In this manner IBC got the international address, a P.O.Box in The Nederlands, as all the most important North European pirate stations had during that period. The programmes became much more professional and they were not only for Italian people but also for an international audience with transmissions in English, French, German, Spanish, Greek and Farsi. A lot of new activities flourished as, for example, "hand made Listening Certificate" or "IBC newsletter", the latter was then abandoned.

Everything seemed to go well, IBC was certainly listened to and appreciated.

Some obvious problems began: the costs were always more expansive for a radio began as a hobby, but which had become much more. If you think that more than 100 reception reports arrived every week, and each one had to be confirmed with a QSL card. The costs for the transmitters were always higher, as were those for recorder cassettes, the power, the certificates, the aerials......

It became difficult to manage: so that the broadcasts became more and more irregular, then they closed and occasionally they "opened" again, but only once or twice. And so they became a memory.

From 2016, after over 30 years, IBC has resumed broadcasting, before testing and now regularly, good listening!

IBC Digital

- EVERY WEDNESDAY ON 3975 KHZ 20.30-21.00 UTC in MFSK32 and OLIVIA 16-500

- EVERY FRIDAY ON 9955 KHZ 02.25-02.30 UTC in MFSK32

- EVERY SATURDAY ON 1584 KHZ 21.25-21.30 UTC in MFSK32

- EVERY SUNDAY ON 7730 KHZ 00.55-01.00 UTC in MFSK32

- EVERY SUNDAY ON 6070 KHZ 11.30-12.00 UTC in MFSK32 and OLIVIA 16-500

KIRGISIEN / KIRGISTAN

Kyrgyz Radio, Bishkek

4010 khz+ 4795 khz (4810, 4820 khz)

Kyrgyz National Radio started 1931 and was part of the USSR media. 1991 the country
became independent with a new beginning. The station is headquarted in Bishkek.
4 FM programmes are transmitted: Kyrgyz 1. Radio , Birinchi Radio , Minkiyal FM and
Dostuk FM. Owner is the government of Kyrgyzstan. The antenna is non-directional,
transmitter power is only 15 kW. Via shortwave (4010, or 4810 khz +- 15 khz) isn't Kyrgyz
Radio transmitted; it is Birinchi Radio, a culture orientated Px in the 2nd official
language Russian ! A Normal qualified west-european DX-er does not know the difference
between Kyrgyz and Russian Language.... and both are written in Cyrillic Alphabet.
Short 20-min. Px in English and German are scheduled, but never listened since years.
Close down of the QRG 4010 khz (which is mostly heard) is 18.00 or 19.00 UTC. --
Today living inside Kyrgyzstan only round 20 000 people with german roots, it seems to be
that the program is eventually canceled. Tx was build 1971 and repaired some times, last
time in 2008. Now there is a second chance to receive Kyrgyzstan: Christian Center
Sedaye Zindagi (Voice of Life) on 5130 khz, 3 hours 15.00 to 18.00 UTC, +- 15 minutes.

Wappen Kirgisistans

KOLUMBIEN

A) CARACOL Radio

Cadena CARACOL
Der Sender wurde 1954 auf privater Basis errichtet und war schnell
ein nachhaltiger wirtschaftlicher Erfolg, wobei es zu mehreren Besitzwechseln
kam. Vorrangig ist der Betrieb einer Kette von Rundfunk-Stationen gleichen Namens.
Diese werden auch elektronisch verbreitet (sogen. Multi-Plattform), Zeitungen kommen
hinzu, und seit 1969 TV. CARACOL ist heute in 52 Staaten weltweit aktiv!
Co-Produktionen mit grossen renommierten Firmen sind die Regel, z.B.
mit ABC, CBS, FOX, The CW, Telemundo, TV Globo, RCTI, Global Television Network,
RTI Kolumbien, TV Azteca, Azteca America, Sony Pictures International, TVE, BE-TV,
RCTV Internacional, ABS-CBN, GMA Network und MediaCorp, um nur einige zu nennen.
Seit 1998 ist Satelliten-TV Teil des Engagements. In 2007 wurde ein neu errichtetes
Hauptquartier in Bogota bezogen. Alles in allem war und ist CARACOL ein grosser Erfolg.
2011 wurde noch auf 6 Kurzwellen-QRG's gesendet, aber leider:
Die letzte KW_Frequenz 5075 khz wurde bis Ende 2013 benutzt, inzwischen nur noch zu
Tests. Webradio ist das neue grosse Thema...
DX-er mit Standort USA empfangen die Station oft auf MW 1170 khz (ex 810 khz).

B) Radio Sutatenza

Radio Sutatenza startete 1949 nicht nur als Sendestation, sondern als
Teil eines gesamten Kultur- und Alphabetisierungs-Projektes, speziell
an die Landbevoelkerung gerichtet, die sogen. "Campesinos". 1975 erfolgte die erste
Sendepause und es ging weiter bis 1990. QRG's: 5075, 5095 und 6075 khz mit
25 und 50 kW Sendeleistung & zwei unterschiedlichen Programmen (A und B).
Hinzu kamen 4 MW-Sender mit 100 bis 120 kW, sowie ein 300 kW-Sender auf
810 khz. Produziert wurden die Programme in 5 verschiedenen Inland-Studios.
1990 stand die Station kurz vor dem Konkurs und musste schliessen; die Sender
wurden an die weiter oben genannte Kette "Cadena CARACOL" verkauft.

KOREA, D.V.R.

KCBS, Pyongyang
u.a. 2850 khz + 3320 + 6400 khz + 11680 khz

The Korean Central Broadcasting Station (KCBS) is the main domestic radio network in the DPRK. It sits under the Central Broadcasting Committee of the DPRK (called the Radio and Television Committee of the DPRK until 2009).
The station officially inaugurated programming on October 14, 1945, with a live broadcast of the victory speech of Kim Il Sung when he returned to Pyongyang at the end of World War II. KCNA noted the station’s duty is to broadcast “the voices of the Workers’ Party of Korea at home and abroad.”

KCBS broadcasts from 5.00 o'clcok to 3.00 o'clock local time via a network of mediumwave and shortwave transmitters that cover the nation. The powerful transmissions can easily be heard in neighboring countries, including South Korea where some of its frequencies are jammed.
It is also relayed at certain times via the Voice of Korea, the DPRK’s international shortwave service.

A central program is broadcast from Pyongyang on most transmitters through the entire broadcast day, but some are reported to carry regional programming between 14 and 15.00 UTC.
All programming is in Korean and includes music, talk and news. Main news bulletins are broadcast at 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20 and 22.00 o'clock.
The powerful AM transmitters put out a signal that easily reaches into South Korea, China and Japan during the nighttime. The South Korean government jams most of the North Korean mediumwave programming, but the jamming signal is weaker than that coming from North Korea so doesn’t affect listening outside of South Korea.

The shortwave channels don’t appear to be jammed by South Korea and the signal from Pyongyang can be received in Seoul quite clearly all day. The power of the various transmitters varies, so some are easy to hear while others present more of a challenge. QRG's: 2850, 3220, 3250, 3960, 6100, 9665 & 11680 khz, all in North-Korean Language, Tx power between 5 kW and 250 kW.

Echo of Reunification

Clandestine with Destination South Korea

Echo of Unification is a North Korean radio station that broadcasts propaganda towards South Korea, with start in Dec. 2012 and three blocks of programming each day. They dropped all mediumwave (AM band) broadcasting on December 21., 2016.

The move seemingly confirms the futility of the broadcasts, which consumed large amounts of electricity but were blocked by powerful South Korean government jamming transmitters, but the station isn’t giving up. In their place, it has brought on air additional shortwave and FM transmitters.
It’s all part of a game that’s been going on for decades. North and South Korea both broadcast propaganda at each other while trying to stop their own citizens from hearing the other’s broadcast. Similar battles used to be played out across borders around the world but have largely moved to the internet and social media. The lack of internet in North Korea and South Korean censorship mean radio still plays a part on the Korean peninsula.
The mediumwave -broadcasts were strong and could be heard across a large part of East Asia at nighttime, but suffered severe interference in the Seoul area where the South Korean government broadcast noise on the same frequency to drown them out. FM was also blocked in Seoul but could be heard very close to the border and shortwave was completely clear, perhaps a recognition that few homes have good shortwave radios these days.
The additional shortwave frequency gives listeners in South Korea an extra spot on the dial to tune into the station, although because shortwave radio ownership is so low and there’s terrible electrical interference in most Korean cities, this is really only reaches people who are already sold on the propaganda message. No South Korean is going to stumble across the station on shortwave like they might while tuning a car or kitchen radio on mediumwave.

South Korea has already started jamming the FM broadcasts giving them limited reach into the country, but perhaps the target here is bored soldiers stationed along the border. The FM signal can be clearly heard in the border region and North Korea might be hoping to reach a few people here.
QRG's: 3970 khz, 5905 khz, 6250 khz, FM 89.4 Mhz, 97.8 Mhz

KOREA, Republik

HLAZ

1566 khz (Relay Korea of FEBC)

In December 1956, first time Seoul was established to broadcast the gospel to North Korea, China, Russia, and Mongolia, in these countries were missionaries not allowed. Since then, FEBC Korea has grown into a major Christian radio network broadcasting to 13 cities in South Korea.
FEBC Korea broadcasts a total of 305.5 hours a month in Korean, 3.75 hours in Chinese, 1 hour in English, 1.25 hours in Japanese, and 0.5 hours in Russian each day.

In addition to their broadcasting ministry, FEBC-Korea is also involved in the community through marriage and family seminars, counseling, concerts, Children’s Choirs that serve as international ambassadors, and follow-up with listeners.
An average of 1.3 million listeners called, emailed, texted or visited the FEBC offices in South-Korea every year. Wow!

Details to Jeju: Callsign HLAZ AM 1566 kHz (250kw power). Established in June 1973, located on the southern island of Jeju. Programs on air in Russian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean 22 hours per day. Support thru 12 different FM Sister stations, plus HLKX Incheon on AM 1188 khz with 100 kW Output.

Voice of the People

Clandestine w. Destination North-Korea

Driving up South Korea’s highway north of Seoul, just after the National Defense University, observants will notice a collection of transmitter masts off to the right of the highway. At first glance, the site looks like it might belong to a major broadcaster like KBS, but the truth appears to be much more interesting. Seeing inside the site is impossible from the highway, but a neighboring hill provides a good outlook.

The site contains 16 transmitter masts, all but one of which are contained in a large field. A single mast sits in the middle of neighboring greenhouses.
The site is surrounded by a high fence topped with barbed wire. There’s also a guard post at the edge of the facility where the road enters. The road itself contains barriers placed to slow approaching traffic and notices to motorists. The main KBS shortwave transmitter site at Gimjae in the south of the country doesn’t have the same level of security, this all is pretty close to confirmation that the radio facility is a sensitive government facility.
Among the roughly dozen shortwave radio stations that broadcast to North Korea, there are two that don’t have websites, they don’t have listings and can’t be found in official literature. “Voice of the People” and “Echo of Hope” have been on the air for years, broadcasting an anti-regime program that goes further than other stations in attacking the North Korean government and leadership. Both stations have long been assumed to be run by the National Intelligence Service and are heavily jammed by North Korea.

The North Korean jamming, which involves broadcasting a very powerful noise signal on the same frequency, makes the South Korean stations difficult to receive. It’s is so powerful that it even overrides their signal on radios in Seoul, across the sea in Japan and even in the United States. But close to this mystery transmitter site, the North Korean jamming signal can not be heard over “Voice of the People.” The signal of the South Korean station is strong and clear. Finally this transmitter site Kyonggi-Do is almost certainly the base from which the South Korean government broadcasts the “Voice of the People” propaganda station towards North Korea. Operated by the Korean Military, there is no chance for QSL's, all contact attempts have been failed.

KURDISTAN

Radio Denge Kurdistan
former
The Voice of Mesopotamia / Denge Mezopotamya / Radyo Denge Kurdistane

asorted frequencies w. Clandestine PX
without own TX, only Relay's used
like 7455 or 11430 khz

Denge Kurdistane startete als Denge Mezopotamya schon im Sept. 1999

und wechselte den Stationsnamen mehrfach. Daher existieren auch mehrere

Webseiten mit Inhalten betreffend diese Station. Eigene Sendeanlagen gab

und gibt es nicht, man strahlt via Relaisstationen aus (gemietete Sendezeit).

Satellitenradio kommt zu den KW-Sendungen hinzu, ebenso ein Livestream

via http://www.dengekurdistan.org/

Aktuell nutzt man das Relais Moldawien mit bis zu 300 kW Power, auf

7400, 7455v und 11600 khz. Px Language is naturally Kurdish.

LAOS

<click

Lao National Radio is the national radio station for the country of Laos. It was founded in 1960 and became a national broadcaster in 1975.
Possible frequencies are AM 567 khz, 1030 khz (inactive), 6130 khz and 7145 khz (inactive since Sept. 2010), plus FM.
It is hard, now Lao NR you can only try to catch on 6130 khz, it was continued listened since 2012 - but jammed by
PBS China. The international service is broadcasted not via shortwave, instead of this on mediumwave 567 khz.
Target area are the neighbour countries like Thailand, reduced Tx power is 50 kW -- too low for european DX-ers.
Px in any asian languages & French + English. Via http://lnr.org.la is the LNR webradio-stream available.
Since 2012 were new printed QSL cards outsent. Reception reports via e-Mail are not accepted, you should use the
usual postal address PO. Box 310, Vientiane.

LETTLAND

Radio Riga

Latvia is no stranger to radio, but the Latvian Radio has worked since 1925. It all begun in 1895. When scientists learned to transmit information over large distances using radio waves. It’s still a matter of discussion whether it was Guglielmo Marconi or Alexander Popov who first discovered and invented radio, but both these men made great contribution to radio invention. In the first years after the great invention radio was used for two point communications. Then in the beginning of the golden twenties radio signals were transmitted to various locations and the public broadcasting was born.
The first working broadcasting center was opened in London on February 1 1922. Next one was opened in Berlin year later and many other cities in Germany. Then in 1925 first experimental radio broadcasts were done in Riga, Latvia. From radiotelegraph transmitter at Kuģu street first words transmitted were: “Hallo! Hallo! The Riga radio test!”

The building of Latvian broadcaster was inspired by engineer Janis Linters. Radio broadcasts were not widely known to public. First Latvian parliament budget commission rejected the funding of the new project. It was hard to explain to deputies how radio receiver actually works. From available parts found in the Pardaugava radio center a radio receiver was made. A two pair of headphones was included and the radio receiver was demonstrated to the deputies. Astonished statesmen one by one listened to the broadcaster who was reading the “Government Herald”. Linters explained how easy it was to use a radio receiver and told that can also be made in Latvia. Linters calculated that invested funds will pay off in 10-15 years. However he was wrong because of the high numbers of radio subscribers the investments paid off in four years. The budget commission finally voted yes, money was given to build a broadcaster. It happened in 1924, March 28.

The radio station was built by a French company. From Dunkirk to Riga by ship antenna pole and transmitter equipment was sent and was intended to be used in Central Post office along the canal side. Later this street along the canal was named Radio street. Radio equipment working on 200 watts was placed in two rooms. The wavelength was 480, 3 meters. Antenna pole was erected near the Post building.
Radio broadcaster was opened on November 1 1925. After the short speech by the transportation minister a connection was made to opera theater and the opera by Puccini Madame Butterfly was played on radio. Radio became popular in Latvia. The Latvian main industrial company VEF produced large numbers of top quality radio receivers.

The air was filled with news, weather news, children broadcasts, music and many other programs. As the Soviet occupation begun in 1940, the first thing that was captured was the Radio and Post office building. New regime fired many people from radio and changed
the programs. The service broadcasts were removed and changed to Soviet propaganda.

After the war everything was destroyed and radio broadcasting was to start again new. A Riga radio communication and radio broadcasting direction was established. The first radio studio site was located at Skolas street 6 now a Latvian Jewish society center. The name was changed many times until the main institution was final named Latvian Radio and TV Center in 1972. Any transmitter stations were built along Latvia. A new technology was discovered as the stereophonic broadcasts were made and the shortwave band was discovered. Latvia Radio 2 was made in 1949, along with classical music program. For many years Radio was used as a propaganda tool by the Soviet government. The VEF continued to produce state of the art radios. Then in the late eighties after the lift of censorship the radio started to fight for Latvian independence. During the events of barricades and the August coup in 1991, radio was the only source of information. Radio workers went to the secret transmitting site in case if the coup in Moscow succeeds.

After reaching of the independence Latvian radio (LR) became a nonprofit organization. The generous state funding from the Soviet time was shortened and Radio had to cancel transmitting in medium waves and shortwaves. Now Latvian Radio is only available in FM band. Latvian Radio is also available on the internet. Last shortwave station that transmitted in Latvian was Vatican Radio, until stop in 2012. Right now Latvian Radio works in Dome Square 8 in Riga, will be in the air as long as the Latvia exists for to be a symbol of the country!

LIBERIA

click the image below for an audio-file

5100 khz - closed -

Although the foundation of Liberia was a humanitarian effort, even this reflects some of the tragedy of this country: In 1822, former slaves were able to return from North America to West Africa. In 1847, the republic of Liberia was founded. But it was only in the 1970s that the descendants of the original land owners also gained some political influence.

National radio broadcasting started in 1949 and was joined by Protestant missionary broadcaster Radio ELWA Monrovia in 1954 and a shortwave relay station of the Voice of America in 1962. After the start of the Liberian civil war in 1989, these stations were destroyed in 1990.
In 1991 when rebel leader Charles Taylor controlled 95 percent of the country, he used a medium wave station of the Liberian Rural Communications Network at Voinjamaa (558 kHz) and soon later the short wave station of National Radio, while West African peace troops operated another (7275 kHz). Both stations were audible in Liberia and Westafrica on shortwave and sometimes also in Europe. The ECOMOG forces only controlled a small stretch of land near the capital.

In 1996, the civil war was officially ended, and elections were called for 1997. Beside Taylor-controlled broadcasting there was only limited activity by other broadcasters, while Taylor's Radio Liberia International continued to be occasionally heard in Europe on short wave 5100 kHz. Taylor becomes president. He was dissatisfied with the poor performance of his own media, Radio Liberia International, and he closed down two opposition stations. Later during 2002 he closed also his own second station LCN.

On 11 August 2003, with Guinea-backed and other rebel fighters against him in the capital Monrovia, Charles Taylor stepped down and boarded a jet to Nigeria. A new president was elected in early 2004 and Radio Liberia International was closed. Instead of this Radio station 5 Stations started within 4 months: First Radio UNMIL (operated by UN Forces), second Radio Liberia -LBS- (state owned), third Star Radio, an old independent private Radio, fourth Radio Veritas and then in Sept. 2004 LIJ-FM. LIJ was the first station with an internet website in Liberia, Star Radio followed later. The both Taylor stations were forbidden, due to the fact that in the meantime there was a big case opened thru the Special International High Court for Human Rights (Sierra Leone). Taylor shall be guilty of war crimes (1991 and following years) and was formally indicted in front of the Special Court in The Hague during March 2006 abt. 11 points. He was sentenced to 50 years prison in May 2012. His son was sentenced to 97 years in prison. Dot.

LIBANON

High Adventure Radio - King of Hope

Das besondere an dieser Station war, dass nach eigener Auskunft aus dem "Niemandsland"
nahe der libanesischen Grenze gesendet wurde. Man operierte unter dem Schutz der SLA(South Lebanon Army), die wiederum von der israelischen Armee aktiv unterstuetzt wurde, ab April 1979 bis Mai 2000. Dann zog das Hauptquartier nach Jerusalem um, und die nunmehr unter dem Eigennamen "Voice of Hope" arbeitende Station schloss. Im Mai 1982 hatte deren Chef, George Otis, auch eine TV-Station namens "Middle East TV" errichtet; diese wurde am 2. Mai 2000 nach Zypern verlegt. Die SLA besteht bis heute unter dem Anspruch, die wahre Regierung des Libanon zu stellen. SLA-Soldaten wurden animiert, nach Ausscheiden aus dem Dienst in die israelischen Siedlungsgebiete zu ziehen, um dort sesshaft zu werden. Eine Sonderzuwendung des Staates Israel erleichterte dies.

MALAYSIA

Voice of Malaysia

QSL 9750 khz

Voice of Malaysia was the international radio station operated by Radio Malaysia (RTM) with broadcasts in 8 languages; headquarter was in Kula Lumpur.
The Voice of Malaysia began broadcasting on 15 February 1963 in three languages: English, Mandarin and Indonesian. On 1 January 1972, service in Thai was launched. Services in Tagalog were launched on 22 October 1973. On 31 August 1978, services were launched in Malay and Burmese.

On 17 April 1995, the Voice of Islam was established and continues to air in Malay and English. Its intended audience is students of Islamic universities and content is related to contemporary issues. It transmits to Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and other ASEAN countries.

The main objective of the Voice of Malaysia was to portray to overseas audiences the true image of Malaysia, from the perspective of the political and social benefit and to encourage foreign investment in Malaysia. It used to broadcast local art, craft, customs, culture and festivals to encourage people to travel to Malaysia. The target audience were listeners worldwide – including non-Malaysians and overseas Malaysian students. The Voice of Malaysia broadcast on different frequencies for a combined 28.5 hours a day and was transmitted to Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. By 2011, the Voice of Malaysia ceased transmission due to the invention of new media (Internet podcasts etc.). All VOM podcasts were available at the Voice of Malaysia's website. A few months later, VOM's podcasts as well as the station's website ceased to exist .... Now are 3 FM-stations like 'Sarawak FM' (9835 khz) on shortwave with 10 kW, that is all.

MALI

ORTM Bamako
4783 khz

Malian broadcasting began in 1957 as a one kilowatt radio station called Radio Soudan in Bamako, then administrative center of the French colony of French Soudan. After independence in 1960, Radio Nationale du Mali (Radio-Mali) began broadcasting from la maison de la Radio in the Bozola neighbourhood of Bamako. Technical abilities were bolstered with Czech transmitters ranging from 18 to 30 kilowatts in 1962. In 1970, the Chinese government constructed four 50 kW radio transmitters about 7 km from Bamako, towards Kati, enabling Radio Mali to reach much of West Africa. In 1983, a Libyan financed television broadcast centre was opened in Bamako, enabling Radio TV Mali to broadcast one channel of colour television. French and German grant programmes between 1984 and 1990 enabled news and reporting to expand, with regional stations opening in Segou (1986), Koulikoro (1989), Sikasso (1990) and Mopti (1993). In 1992, a second national broadcast radio network was added. On 5. October 1992, the Malian government split off the Radio Mali according to a new Law, from direct government control, becoming a publicly financed, independently run entity. This was part of the national liberalisation process, moving the nation to the "Third Malian Republic". Private broadcasters were legalised, and Radio Mali was reorganised as the ORTM on 1. January 1993, with headquarter in Bamako.
Round 150 stations exist on the FM Band, a part as nationwide ORTM net and the other part as private local radios.
Shortwave broadcasting with max. 50 kW is transmitted on 5995 khz and 9635 khz in French and Arabic Language.

MOSAMBIK

Radio Mocambique

3210 khz + 9637 khz

The first radio station in Mozambique began broadcasting on Shortwave and AM on 18 March 1933, but suspended transmissions for a while in 1934 owing to a shortage of money. A South African, G. J. McHarry became involved, and in 1935 Radio Clube de Mocambique was launched, broadcasting mostly in English. In 1947, Colonel Richard L. Meyer, who prior to World War II was General Manager of the International Broadcasting Company of London, together with John Davenport formed the management. They started commercial broadcasting with the target area South-Africa. The station changed the format in the late 1950-ies and was a success, especially with new trends in music for younger people. Success continued. Local Relays on mediumwave transmitters began in the early 1970-ies.

On June 25, 1975, independence was achieved from Portugal and the Radio Clube de Mocambique was renamed to "Radio Mocambique", and it became nationalized & state controlled. Shortwave regional transmitters were erected, with a tx power between 10 and 100 kW. In the years following independence, Radio Mocambique introduced an external service, broadcasting for a few hours each day in English. Due to transmitters break down and facing financial problems, 12 of the 15 transmitters were in January 1996 off the air. Radio Mocambique began carrying the BBC Portuguese service in May 1996 on 738 khz, 6111 khz and 15290 khz.

The domestic portuguese service was than audible only in the southern part of the country, on 3338 khz (later 3210 khz) with 10 kW Output. In the following year were tests broadcasted on 3370 and 9637 khz in local languages, but too late. Other stations like Emisora Provincial or Emisora Interprovincial de Maputo or Trans started activity; and Radio Mocambique was not able to arrange a re-broadcasting of RFI France. A last transmitter was bought (20 kW) 1996, and after his end in 2001 all SW broadcasting was dead. FM tx 97.9 Mhz followed, later Webradio.

MOLDAWIEN
Radio Pridnestrovje (PMR)

6240 und 9665 khz und 7370 khz, etc.

PMR steht f. Pridnestrovie Moldavian Republic. Es gibt international diverse Schreibweisen, es ist jedoch immer die nach
Unahaengigkeit suchende Republik Transnistrien gemeint, die ab August 1991 begann, eigene Sendungen auszustrahlen,
und zwar mehrsprachig, u.a. auch in Deutsch. Radio PMR ist staatliches Eigentum.
Transnistrien wurde trotz einer korrekten Volksabstimmung (in 1990) weltweit von keinem Staat anerkannt, hat als direkten
Nachbarn die Ukraine und will eine eigene "Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik" werden, weil ihm die Zugehoerigkeit zum immer
mehr rumaenienfreundlichen Moldawien stark missfaellt und russischsprachige Einwohner die Mehrheit stellen, in manchen
Orten mit 90%. Transnistrien ist ein gut funktionierender Industriestaat mit starker Produktion
und vielen Fabriken; man sehnte sich ein viertel Jahrhundert nach der russischen Umarmung - die nicht erfolgt.
Im Gegenteil: Vorverhandlungen betreffend die Re-Integration des wirtschaftsstarken Transnistrien zu Moldawien waren 2011
in Wien aufgenommen worden. Russland indessen hat 2004 eine 20-Jahre-Garantie fuer die Sicherheit des Landes gegeben.
Ein Antrag auf Aufnahme in die Russische Foederation wurde 2014 gestellt und blieb unbeantwortet.
Radio PMR sendet mittlererweile seit 19. Dezember 2013 ausschliesslich auf diversen UKW Frequenzen aus der
Hauptstadt Tiraspol und 10 weiteren Standorten. Der in Weissrussland und der Ukraine gut zu empfangende MW-
Sender auf 999 khz strahlte zeitweise unangemeldet mit bis zu 500 kW aus und hat wegen des Kostendruckes
zum einen die Maximal-Leistung auf zum Teil 20 kW heruntergefahren und zum anderen die Sendezeit voll an TWR vermietet.

MONACO

TWR Monte Carlo
Trans World Radio

TWR strahlte seine erste Radiosendung am 24. Februar 1954 unter dem Namen 'Stimme von Tanger' von Marokko in Richtung Europa aus.
Begruender der Radiomission war der amerikanische Missionar Paul Freed. Ziel dieses protestantischen Missionswerks war am Anfang die Evangelisation Spaniens im Sinne einer evangelikalen Theologie. TWR sollte dies in Form von christlichen Radiosendungen tun, die via Kurzwelle in Englisch und Spanisch ausgestrahlt wurden. Da in Spanien unter Franco Auslaendern der Aufenthalt im Land nie fuer lange Zeit erlaubt war, war der Sender-Standort Tanger zuerst in Marokko. Missionare aus Deutschland halfen bei der Arbeit und so wurden 1956 erstmals deutschsprachige Sendungen aus Tanger ausgestrahlt.
Die in Tanger gesammelten Erfahrungen fuehrten 1959 zur Errichtung des Evangeliums-Rundfunks (ERF), der als deutschsprachiger Zweig von TWR gilt. Sitz dieses Senders ist heute Wetzlar. Die ERF-Zweige in Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz sind heute eigene Partner innerhalb von TWR.
Im Zeitalter der Entkolonialisierung musste man den Sendestandort in Tanger verlassen. Das Missionswerk baute eine Kurzwellen-Sendestation in Monaco, die 1960 in Betrieb ging. Zusammen mit Radio Monte Carlo teilte sich das inzwischen in Trans World Radio umbenannte Missionswerk Mittel- und Kurzwellensendeanlagen in Monaco. Heute sendet TWR mit seinen nationalen Partnern rund 1.800 Stunden jede Woche via 13 Stationen. Es kommen Satelliten-Programme f. Europa, Afrika, Asien und Suedamerika hinzu. In mehr als 160 Staaten sind heute Programme der Radiomission in rd. 230 verschiedenen Sprachen und Dialekten empfangbar. Der 900 kW Transmitter in Monaco wurde stufenweise entlastet (zuletzt nur noch 2 Stunden am Tag genutzt) und stattdessen Sendezeit in Albanien gekauft. Spaeter wurde er in 2011 ganz ausser Dienst gestellt.
Heute sind neben dem Webradio eine Vielzahl von KW-Frequenzen aktiv, u.a. Relays in Guam, Vereinigte Arab. Emirate, Moldawien, Armenien und Usbekistan, sowie die Anlage in Swaziland.

MAROKKO

MEDI 1

171 khz + 9575 khz

Medi 1 is also known as Radio Méditerranée Internationale & is a private commercial Moroccan radio network. Medi 1 has an audience of around 23 million people. It is emitted from Nador transmitter on longwave, shortwave, via internet and satellite.

Medi 1 Radio is owned by various private companies from both Morocco and France. The station started broadcasting in 1980 and is based in Tangier, Morocco. The radio station is broadcasting throughout the whole Maghreb countries and it is a bilingual station broadcasting with emission in Arabic and French. Medi 1 Manager is Pierre Casalta. The station is not affiliated to any political party or organization. It is considered a reliable source for everything dealing with Maghreb affairs.

MYANMAR (BURMA)

Myanmar Radio, Yangon (Rangoon)

< click

5985, 6030 + 7200 khz
ID is: " M R T "

Der Rundfunk in Myanmar begann 1936 noch unter britischer Herrschaft, als die "Voice of Birma" auf MW gestartet wurde.
1946 etablierten die Briten "Birma Broadcasting Service" (BBS) in vorwiegend burmesischer Sprache, unterbrochen durch englischsprachige Nachrichten und Musik-Entertainment. 1948 erfolgte die Umbenennung in 'Myanmar Athan', 1988 in 'Myanmar Radio' und 1997 in die heutige Bezeichnung "MRT" (Myanmar Radio and Television).

2007 konnte innerhalb der Hauptstadt ein Umzug in ein neues Hauptquartier erfolgen. Sende-QRG waren 4795 khz, 4725 khz, 5040 khz, 6035 khz, 7120 khz +- 5khz, 7185 khz und 9730 khz (+ 5 khz). Aktuell -Ende 2016- nutzt man 5915 khz, 5985 khz, 7200 khz und 9730 khz. Normalerweise werden 3 von 4 Sendestationen mit max. 25 kW Leistung betrieben, denn die in den 1950-er Jahren (!) installierten Transmitter erfuhren nie ein besonderes Upgrade. MW wird bedient mit 576 und 594 khz und ein FM-Sender wurde angeschafft (104 Mhz). Weitere FM Stationen folgten, sowie Webradio. Alle Sender stehen kraft Gesetzes unter staatlicher Verwaltung. Neben dem "Radio Myanmar National Service" wird auf 1 MW-QRG, auf KW und auf UKW zeitweise ein "Minoritaeten-Programm" in Dialektsprache ausgestrahlt. Zweimal am Tag je 15 Minuten erfolgt die Uebertragung von Nachrichten aus Japan (NHK), und eine halbe Stunde in der Woche Reports der Voice of America (VoA). Die Konkurrenz durch VoA, BBC und Radio Free Asia -alle drei senden in Burmesisch- macht Myanmar Radio schwer zu schaffen. Ein reines Englisch-Programm kommt jeden Tag von 16 Uhr UTC bis 16.59 Uhr UTC.

NEPAL

Radio Nepal, Kathmandu
please click first QSL image

5005 khz

Radio Nepal was established on 2 April 1951. Initially, the transmission covered duration of 4 hours and 30 minutes through a 250 Watt SW transmitter. Over the years, Radio Nepal has strengthened its institutional capacity considerably and diversified itself in terms of programme format, technical efficiency and coverage. Radio Nepal airs programmes on 6 Medium Wave- and 21 low power FM-frequencies. Regular broadcasts cover duration of 18 hours everyday which includes 4 hours of regional broadcasts from 14:00 hrs. to 18:00 hrs. FM Kathmandu, the first FM-Channel in Nepal covering Kathmandu valley and adjoining areas was started in 1995 from its premises at Singh Durbar, Kathmandu. Radio Nepal broadcasts news bulletins in at regular intervals (hourly) from 06:00 hrs until the close of the transmission 23:00 hrs. News bulletins in English are broadcast at 08:00 hrs, 14:00 hrs and 20:00 hrs everyday.In additional to the news in Nepali and English, there are bulletins in other languages at various timings. They are Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Rai Bantawa, Limbu, Newari, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Urdu, Tharu East and Tharu West, Avadhi, Sherpa, Maithili, Sanskrit, Kham Magar and Doteli. Special news bulletins for Children (Bal Samachar) have been broadcast as well. Radio Nepal attempts to provide prompt and accurate coverage of all national and international news including political, economic and social highlights in a balanced and objective manner. It attempts to safeguard the basic principle of public interest and the public’s right to be informed as the prime public broadcaster of the country. The station has designated string reporters in more than 50 districts for coverage of news and information. Radio Nepal started its program distribution through V-SAT Network from 26th August 1999.
Radio Nepal has its own studios for programme production, music recording, drama recording, talks shows and news broadcasts. A music library at its premises in Singh Durbar has a collection of about 40 000 songs. Foreign broadcasting Stations also make use of the Studio facilities for live and other broadcasts on a rental basis.

The Broadcasting Headquarters at Singha Durbar in Kathmandu has two broadcasting houses consisting of one drama studio, two music studios, one reporting studio, three continuity studios, one news studio and seven programme production studios. One of the music studios is equipped with a 24 track recording facility. This studio is open for hiring purposes for anyone desirous of recording music digitally whether solo track or for albums after payment of studio charges which are very relatively reasonable compared to other private studios.

The mainstream of broadcasting business these days is moving towards digitization. Radio Nepal is making a modest effort to make use of the latest development in computer and digital media. The task of digitizing old songs and mastering on digital format (Mp3-CD) has been initiated. Today, CD has become the dominant digital storage.

Radio Nepal is in these days not to listen via shortwave, due to its defective SW Tx (since 2010). In an attempt to reach interested listeners world wide, Radio Nepal has entered the Internet in April 1997. Since the start of this service, increasing numbers worldwide have visited the home page.

N I E D E R L A N D E

(private Stationen)

Die Rundfunklandschaft in Holland ist vermutlich die bunteste in ganz Europa, abwechslungsreich und immer wieder zum Erstaunen. Da sind vor allem die zahlreichen etwa 60 bis 70 Piratenstationen zu nennen, die als Landpiraten meist entlang der Grenze KW-Antennen errichtet haben und zu Zeiten tief nachts oder am Wochenende aktiv sind, in denen die staatlichen Aufsichtsbeamten sicherlich nicht arbeiten. Wird trotzdem mal ein Sender "geraidet" sprich beschlagnahmt, ensteht umgehend Ersatz in Form von ZWEI alternativen Transmittern. Die jahrzehntelange Tradition dieser Stationen hat die Auswirkung, dass man es als Gewohnheitsrecht interpretiert, eigene Sendungen vorzunehmen. Das Px unterscheidet sich extrem von den staatlichen Programmen (NPO), es werden viele Hoerer gegruesst und noch mehr Polka-Musik gespielt..... die man ansonsten nirgendwo anders vernehmen kann. Diese beiden Alleinstellungsmerkmale haben sich erhalten. Man tummelt sich im 48-Meter-Band der Kurzwelle und im erweiterten Mittelwellenbereich ab 1600 khz. Der Reiz des Verbotenen kommt hinzu. Die unerwartete Vielfalt und die trotz extrem niedriger Sendeleistungen gute Empfangbarkeit sprechen eine deutliche Sprache. Allerdings erhalten diese Landpiraten neuerdings Konkurrenz durch legal lizensierte Stationen auf MW, die einen neuen Ausnahmetatbestand mit Low Power-Transmittern einhalten. Es bleibt spannend, ob eine Ko-Existenz funktionieren wird auf lange Sicht.
Als drittes Bein des AM-Privatrundfunks fungieren kommerzielle Stationen wie z.B. Groote Nieuws Radio, und viertens existieren hunderte von nur im Internet arbeitenden Webradios. Final kann man sagen: B r a v o ! Weiter so!
Wenige Beispiele:
(Bild klicken f. Audiostream)

Text ueber die LP Kleinsender
Piratensender
MW Free Radio
Radiozenders

1485 khz

Radio Gelderland 103.5

Vahon Radio

Persien

N.I.R.T.

11730 khz + 9022 khz

In the summer of 1966, the Plan and Budget Organization allocated a budget for the project, and the Ministry of Economics donated land. A temporary structure was built, and on October 26, 1966, National Iranian Television sent its first broadcast message, a statement by the Shah. Test programs were run, and complete programming commenced at Nowruz, the Iranian New Year, in March 1967. The first week’s programs included the broadcasting of the Shah’s birthday celebrations from Amjadieh Stadium.

In 1971 National Iranian Radio and Television (NIRT) was incorporated as a public broadcasting monopoly run as an independent government corporation. The Shah appointed Reza Ghotbi as the first director-general; neither of them thought he would also be the last.
Despite overall budget cuts in 1975–76, NIRT's total budget rose about 20 percent, and by 1975 NIRT was second only to Japan in Asia in terms of the development of its broadcasting capabilities.

For 22 years the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) broadcast a local radio service (Radio 1555) and a local TV service to the capital of Iran from their studios in Tehran. However, in 1976 it was decided by the Iranian government that AFRTS should close down its radio and TV services, which it did on 25 October 1976, the day before the Shah of Iran’s 57th birthday. Radio 1555 closed with presenter: Air Force Staff Sergeant Barry Cantor playing as the last record: Roger Whittaker’s Durham Town (The Leaving). This was followed by a closing announcement by Chief Master Sergeant and Station Manager: Bob Woodruff, followed by the American National Anthem. The following morning, the 26th October 1976, the Shah’s birthday, the Iranian government owned radio and television service began under the control of NIRT Director General R. Ghotbi. The service was called NIRT International Radio reflecting the fact that it also broadcast throughout Iran, means to neighbouring countries, via AM 1555 khz and 9022 khz.

News was read in English by different announcers, and by specialist newsreaders in Persian, French, German and Russian language.
NIRT operated up until the Iranian Revolution in July 1979, after which NIRT became the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB).

PALESTINE (Palaestina)

Sawt Palestine (Voice of Filistin) **
5995 + 6025 khz + 7070 khz + 11745 khz
Relay IRIB Iran

Voice of Palestine is run collectively, completely independent, and committed to bringing the often muffled and neglected voice of the Palestinian people

The Voice of Palestine is a radio station based in Ramallah. It is a subsidiary of the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation, under the control of the Palestinian Authority. The station was originally known as the Voice of Palestinian Revolution before the 1993 Oslo Accords, and was launched on 17 October 1998. The first experimental transmissions included music programs, songs and news bulletins in addition to health, culture, and sports programs. On the 12th of October 2000 - shortly after the outbreak of the Second Intifada - successive Israeli Air Force raids stopped transmission of the Voice of Palestine destroying the technical equipment used for Transmission. Currently the Radio Service Broadcasts via Satellite.
Palestine Satellite Channel and its companion radio station, Voice of Palestine (launched 1995) are free-to-air general entertainment channel in Arabic. The satellite channel is since 1999 part of the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation, which began broadcasting from the Gaza Strip immediately after the government took power under the Oslo Accords in 1994.

756 khz (click image for local audio tape)

11710 khz

**ID: Sawt al-Filistin, Sawt al-Thawrah al-Islamiyah al-Filistiniyah

PHILIPPINEN

Radio Veritas Asia, Quezon City

In 1961, a legal body for Radio Verita (RVA)s was created in Manila. This was the Philippine Radio Educational and Information Center (PREIC) which provided the legal status for RVA. RVA RVA shall be the "voice of Asian Christianity".
The realizing of RVA was possible because Germany came forward to help the Asian Bishops. On October 11, 1960, Conference, the Chancellor of Germany, Konrad Adenauer, committed in financial help to realizing this project of Radio Veritas Asia. On the part of the Church, the Bishops’ Conference of Germany and the Archdiocese of Cologne promised financial support. This facts are relatively unknown by German DX-ers. Also the bishops of Japan, Korea and Thailand forwarded money help and secure planning for running the station. Radio Veritas was inaugurated, on April 11, 1969.
RVA is owner of broadcast tapes from February 1986 abt. the Philippine Revolution which ends with the departure of long time president Ferdinand Marcos and restoration of democracy.

During the 25th anniversary celebration of RVA in 1995 Pope John Paul II said that RVA must be helped to fulfill its mission even though this will certainly involve even greater sacrifices and renewed commitment on the part of the local churches in Asia. - In today’s technology-driven world, the Radio apostolate cannot afford to lag behind. Streaming programs were introduced at the turn of the millennium, making programs accessible to the migrants in Diaspora countries anytime and anywhere, through the marvel of internet and other digital modalities. In 2007, RVA digitalized its production facilities paving the way to shift some of the languages, where it is politically stable, to their language areas. Furthermore, this development ushered the possibility for most programs to be produced in the native 17 areas and sent to RVA studios through Internet. RVA plans to upgrade to digital broadcasting.
PHL-QRG's today with 250 kW power:
9645, 9670, 9720, 11825, 11850, 11935, 11945, 11965, 15225, 15255, 15265, 15280, 15355, 15450, 15530 khz.
Asian Languages, no english service.

ROMANIA (Rumaenien)

a) Radio Neumarkt = Radio Targu-Mures

< click
1197 + 1593 khz
Radio Neumarkt Logo.png

Der Sender wurde im Maerz 1958 errichtet. Aus Angst, die Regionalsender entwickelten zu viel Unabhaengigkeit , ließ sie Nicolae Ceausescu 1985 schließen. Im Zuge der Demonstrationen gegen den Diktator wurde der Sender am 22. Dezember 1989 wiederbelebt.
Es gibt jeweils 1-Stunden-Sendungen auf Deutsch von Montag bis Samstag. Diese richten sich in erster Linie an die Siebenbuerger Sachsen. Sonntags sendet Radio Neumarkt vormittags ein Halbstunden-Programm in Deutsch. Die vier Personen der Redaktion der deutschen Abteilung werden vom Institut f. Auslandsbeziehungen aus Deutschland supported. Der Sender ist Mitglied des FunkForums, eines Zusammenschlusses deutschsprachiger Radiosender in Osteuropa (Rumaenien, Ungarn, Kroatien und Serbien). Das Deutsch-Px wird nicht via UKW ausgestrahlt, obwohl im angeschlossenen Empfangsbereich von Antena Brasov viele Deutsche leben (ehem. Kronstadt). Radio Neumarkt betreibt aber einen weltweit abrufbaren Livestream im Internet.

b) Radio Romania Cluj
909 + 1593 khz

Das Sendegebiet von RR Cluj (= Klausenburg) erstreckt sich auf die
gesamte Region Siebenbuergen inkl. Hermannstadt (Sibiului) und
Weissenburg.
Die Station wurde 1954 gegruendet und (nach einer Zwangsschliessung)
im Dezember 1989 doch wieder in Betrieb genommen, wie die anderen
Lokalstationen. Man strahlt jeden Tag rund um die Uhr aus und erreicht
mit Informationen, Unterhaltung und Kultur damit immerhin ein Publikum
von rund 3,5 Millionen, wobei man ebenfalls mit einem Live-Stream in
guter Qualitaet via Internet zu empfangen ist > http://radiocluj.ro
Aufgrund der starken ungarischsprachigen Minderheit ist RR Radio Cluj
jeden Tag mit entsprechenden Sendungen in dieser Sprache vertreten.

Radio Cluj Logo.png

RUSSLAND

for Audio please click the QSL card's

A) Voice of Russia, Moscow

Die "Voice of Russia" (Stimme Russlands) ist ein viele
Seiten langes Kapitel, das an anderer Stelle vertieft werden
wird. Daher hier der Hinweis, dass die Station Nachfolger
des UdSSR-Senders "Radio Moskau" war, durch schlichte
Umbenennung im Dezember 1993 und Aufrechterhaltung
des internationalen Sendedienstes. 10 Jahre danach erfolgte
auf Regierungsanordnung die Liquidation per 1.1.2014, aber erst
am 1. April 2014 wurden alle MW- und KW-Sendungen beendet.
30 Antennenstandorte, die 38 Sprachdienste bedienten, wurden
obsolet, und Russland wurde (bis auf ein wenig DAB-Programm)
ein Staat ohne Auslandsrundfunk. Ein Skandal an sich, der durch
"Sputnik News" im November 2014 beseitigt werden sollte. Sputnik
war ein Projekt der staatlichen Nachrichtenagentur und als 'Media-
Plattform' sensationell erfolglos.... Man arbeitet zwar noch heute,
siehe http://sputniknews.com und hat ein Webradio ins Leben gerufen,
aber die Bedeutung, die die Voice of Russia hatte, bleibt
verschwunden und ist mit einem Nachrichtenportal nicht wieder
herzustellen..., never. Pressekonferenzen zur Erlangung von
Aufmerksamkeit gab es zwar, jedoch hat der im Ausland verbreitete
TV-Sender "Russia Today" (RT) die 'Sputniknews' bei weitem in der
Publikumsgunst geschlagen (seit August 2016). Beobachter werfen
zudem Sputnik vor, gezielte Falschmeldungen (Fake News) zu
lancieren, in steigender Anzahl. Die Dienste f. Nordeuropa und Indien
wurden von 'Sputniknews' inzwischen beendet.

B) Radio Rossii

Radio Rossii began broadcasting December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the state-owned unitary enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels in its enterprise.
Radio Rossii is classified as an information and light entertainment station. Frequencies are 66.4 Mhz and 66.0 Mhz and 873 khz and 5900 khz plus Webradio via http://www.radiorus.ru
Any QRG's (LW, OIRT-Band) are cancelled, but FM like 93.5 Mhz is planned to extend.
SW 5900 khz (+-) wasn't heard since 1.1.2017, but Russia made in winter 2016 the experience
that in Vladivostok an emergency case happened: big parts of the internet and other
infrastructure were break down, reason was a Typhoon.
So Russia will eventually broadcast from Russia to Russian citizens in Russian Language. We
should monitoring between 11 and 15 hrs UTC, but also to other times. Eventually follows the re-activation of different shortwave frequencies for public radio.

C) UVB 76 "The Buzzer"

UVB-76 is also known as "the Buzzer" and broadcasts on 4625 khz a "buzz tone" which gave him its nickname. Transmitting 25 tones per minute, 24 hours per day. Sometimes, the buzzer signal is interrupted and a voice transmission in Russian takes place. First reports were made of a station on this frequency in 1973. Its origin have been sure traced to Russia, and although several theories with varying degrees of plausibility exist, its actual purpose has never been officially confirmed, but exactly this is the reason for speculations about an operational use by russian military under the code name "Volcano".
It can also be that the buzzing sound is merely a "channel marker" used to keep the frequency occupied, thereby making it unattractive for other potential users. In 2010 the transmitter was moved nearby St. Petersburg, and again in August 2015 to Moscow, but the QRG was still the same. Please find here a YT-Video about reception 1th January 2017.

D) Welle Tatarstan (= Tatarstan Wave), former Radio Tatarstan

QSL for 9895, 11610, 11790, 12095 + 15110 + 15195 khz.
Tx Time was 4.10 UTC - 5.00 UTC & 6.10 UTC - 7.00 UTC
with a power of 250 kW from Samara (studio in Kazan).
Tatarstan is an independent republic within the Russian Federation
since 12. June 1991 (own president & national anthem, etc.) and
declared own souvereignty after a public vote in March 1992. August 1997 'Radio Tatarstan'
started with broadcasting mainly in the Tatar Language, plus Russian news
bulletins. Later renamed into Tatarstan Wave, they closed the SW service at
10. January 2014 due to the high costs of electricity.

E) Radio Mayak

Radio Mayak started August 1964 and was one of the biggest stations of the former USSR,
broadcasting in Russian language only. Mayak means "Lighthouse". The well known interval
signal "Moscow nights" is played every hour. Frequencies in VLF and Longwave plus most
inside the mediumwave spectrum were left in Jan. 2013 after over 48 years. Radio Mayak works
together with Radio Rossi, Radio Kultura and Radio Yunost (a youth radio channel).
Actually Radio Mayak scheduled following QRG's: FM 103.4 Mhz Moscow, MW 765 khz Odessa.
In addition some little Tx with max. power of 10 kW does Relay the Px, example is 95.3 Mhz FM.
Also Radio Mayak is in the OIRT band to listen, 70.0 Mhz. It exists a Live-Stream which is
available via the webpage "www.radiomayak.ru".

SAMBIA

Zambia N.B.C.

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4911 khz + 5915 khz

Sambia ist nicht das erste Entwicklungsland, welches von christlichem Engagement aus Deutschland profitiert.
In diesem Fall ist das katholische Bistum Limburg eine besondere Partnerschaft eingegangen, um vor allem
schulischen Fernunterricht via Rundfunk zu ermoeglichen. Auch Radio Vatikan gibt der ZNBC Lusaka Support, und zwar
dem 'Parliament Radio'. Gleichzeitig verschweigt man aber nicht den schlechten Zustand der Pressefreiheit,
sondern entsandte sogar kirchliche Wahlbeobachter im August 2016 (die eine rasant wachsende Fremden-
feindlichkeit konstantierten). Die Jesuiten-Aktion "Gebende Haende" hilft Radio Chikuni bei der Kinderbetreuung, &
von der evangelischen Seite war von 1994 bis 2012 "Christian Voice" auf Sendung; die Nachfolge uebernahm 2016
die bekannte AWR-"Voice of Hope" mit ersten 2-Stunden-Sendetests im Maerz und Mai 2016. Zu erwartende QRG's
sind 6065 khz oder 4965 khz oder 9680 khz oder 11680 khz, mit je 60 bis 100 kW Leistung f. Sambia und Afrika.
13680 khz wurde seit 1. Okt. 2016 gut empfangen, soll aber in Zukunft nicht mehr benutzt werden...

SENEGAL

RTS Dakar

4890 + 7170 khz

RTS Dakar wurde 1950 errichtet, erste Sendeversuche gab es schon 1932
durch die Franzosen. 1950 startete man dann mit 8 Stunden Sendezeit pro
Tag. Von 1973 bis 1992 war die Station umbenannt worden in ORTS. Ab 1992
wurde man von den staatlichen Fesseln befreit, eine oeffentliche Stiftung mit
unabhaengigem Management war die positive Folge, sowie das Programm
"Radio Senegal Internationale", welches heute auf vielen UKW Frequenzen
zu empfangen ist. Die Webseite http://www.rts.sn mit je 8 Tage alten Videocasts
und ein Youtube-Kanal kommen hinzu. Der Kurzwellendienst wird schon sehr
lange -seit 2002- nicht mehr geboten, die MW wurde in 2006 abgeschaltet.

SPAIN (SPANIEN)

COPE

COPE, an acronym for Cadena de Ondas Populares Espanolas ("People's Radiowaves of Spain Network") formerly called Radio Popular, is a Spanish radio station which was 1960 founded. It is the second most played in Spain generalist radio. Owned by the Spanish Episcopal Conference company "Radio Popular SA", belongs to the "Group COPE" with music stations Cadena 100, Rock FM and Megastar FM, addition to the Spanish generalist channel 13 TV. The station is associated with the Spanish journal Diario ABC. Created with the aim of offering religious services, since the 1980s its programming has evolved into the model of conventional general radio, while maintaining programs with religious content, such as El Espejo (The Mirror) of Jose Luis Restan and La linterna de la Iglesia (The Lantern of the Church) of Faustino Catalina, especially on Sundays in the day when Holy Mass and special dates News Church and Catholic liturgical calendar as Christmas and Easter is issued. Its editorial guideline is the promotion of the views of the hierarchy of the Spanish Catholic Church. Transmitting is done via 67 FM and MW Locations with a lot of Low Power stations, plus Webradio.

TAIWAN

Radio Taiwan International, Taipeh (RTI)

Der Vorlaeufer von Radio Taiwan International wurde 1928 als „Central Broadcasting System, CBS“ in Nanjing (Nanking), China gegruendet. Seit vielen Jahrzehnten ist die Rundfunkstation der Auslandsdienst der Republik China (Taiwan) – und war in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten Zeuge von Taiwans Wirtschaftswunder, der Entwicklung der Beziehungen zwischen Taiwan und China und dem Wandel Taiwans von einer autoritaeren in eine demokratische Gesellschaft.

Als Auslandssender der Republik China (Taiwan) hat CBS / RTI seit den 30-er Jahren über alle wichtigen Ereignisse des Landes berichtet.
Am 1. Januar 1998 wurde CBS umstrukturiert und mit dem damaligen Auslandsdienst (PX 'Voice of Free China') der „Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC) zusammengeschlossen zum neuen Rundfunksender CBS, der nun mit dem Programm von Radio Taiwan International die Aufgabe hat, der Welt ein umfassendes Bild des politischen, kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Lebens in Taiwan zu vermitteln. Radio Taiwan International hat in den letzten Jahren auch sein Internet-Angebot weiter ausgebaut. Die Webseiten von Radio Taiwan International bieten Informationen in 11 Sprachen, Online-Empfang der Programme als Livestream und 'On Demand' und einen E-Mail-Newsletter in Englisch. Radio Taiwan International hat Listener-Clubs u.a. in China, Japan, Indonesien, Pakistan, Kolumbien und Argentinien und organisiert Treffen in vielen Staaten, darunter auch in Deutschland. Man sendet von 9 Standorten aus in 13 Sprachen. Die Gesamtsendeleistung ist mehr wie 10 000 kW und damit die Nr. 10 weltweit und Nr. 1 in Asien. Fuer den Sprachdienst in Russisch, Chinesisch, Franzoes. und Deutsch kommen Relaisstationen zum Einsatz (100 / 250 kW), das Relais Issoudun nutzt bis 500 kW Tx Leistung. QRG's finden sich in einer Vielzahl zwischen 49-m und dem 19-m-Band; die deutsche Sendung wird auf schon lange auf 3955 khz vom Babcock-Relais Grossbritannien aus gesendet.

TAJIKISTAN

Radio Tajikistan, Dushanbe

4635, 4765, 7245 khz

The first radio station (for test purposes) were erected in 1928 and then in 1930 the State Broadcasting Committee began to work in Dushanbe. A next station (called RV 47) started under new rules on 420 khz Longwave with a couple of hours each day, Languages were Russian, Uzbek and Tajik. During the Soviet Era, a lot of Transmitters with high power were transported to the city of Yangiyul, located in the south near Dushanbe.
During a few years the capital city named "Stalinabad", but was re-named 1961 to Dushanbe. After the fall of the soviet empire, Tajikistan declared his own independence December 1991. The last constructed Soviet transmitter was from year 1973. All the radio programmes were made in the studios in Dushanbe - the blue coloured building looks like a theatre in its design.

More than half a century Shortwave was used by Relays from Radio Moscow. 1992 were this Tx replaced with 50 kW Units. The program was changed to a National format with the new name 'Radio 1' or short 'R1'; broadcasting 03.00 UTC to 10.00 UTC on 4765 khz in a way, that two transmitters were doubled (since 1993) for a total output power of 100 kW. An other 2nd Px should be named "Radio 2", but was early re-named into "Voice of Tajik". Output of 100 kW was the same, current QRG 7245 khz, w. asorted asian Languages 24 hours a day. Voice of Tajik claimed to be the foreign broadcasting service of Tajikistan with news from economy, politics and culture. A webradio is also to find. The country use for writing still the cyrillic alphabet.

TANZANIA (inkl. Sansibar)

Radio Tanzania Zanzibar
& Zanzibar Broadc. Corp.

<click
6015 + 11735 khz

1951 wurde die "Voice of Zanzibar" gegruendet, der im April 2013 die ZBC folgte.
Die halbautonome Insel Sansibar ist Teil des Staates Tansania und durch seine Insel-Lage mit hervorragenden
KW-Ausbreitungsbedingungen gesegnet. Auf 11735 khz gelingt mir der ZBC-Empfang sogar mit einem Uralt Loewe-Opta
Roehren-Radio (und nicht nur mir, wie viele YT-Vid. beweisen).

Gesendet wird von 15 Uhr UTC bis 21 Uhr UTC an 7 Tagen die Woche mit 50 kW aus Dole in der Sprache Swahili,
sowie von 03.00 Uhr bis 06.00 Uhr UTC.
Es kommt viel regionale Musik, was das Programm noch interessanter macht. DX in Reinkultur!

TOGO

Radio Togo (RTT Lome)

Radio Togo war auf Kurzwelle immer nur im Tropenband zu vernehmen, und zwar auf der wunderbaren Frequenz 5047 khz. Irgendwie hatten (nicht nur ich) DX-er eine gewisse Vorliebe betreff Ausserband-Frequenzen; die Auslandsdienste von z.B. Afghanistan, Vietnam, UdSSR oder Persien profitierten davon, weil sie leicht auffindbar waren -- selbst auf uralten DX-Receivern. So auch Togo zu seinen aktiven Zeiten bis 2004, wo man immerhin mit bis zu 100 kW Output sendete - was ein starkes Signal produzierte.Die Identifikation lautete: "Ici Radiodifusion Togolaise".

<< please click

TURKMENISTAN

Turkmen Radio, Ashgabat
4825, 4930, 5015 khz

Turkmen Radio (TR) is a national broadcasting network which was
former Radio Ashkabad, founded 1994 after break down of the Turkmenian SSR.
The capital city Ashgabat was home of the 20 kW-Tx until 2012, the others are long dead.
The LW 279 khz is still active with 150 kW power and the px "TR Watan"; also some FM
QRG's and OIRT 67.2 Mhz.---

URUGUAY

Radio El Espectador
Montevideo
11835 khz

Die erste Radio-Emission der Station fand im April 1922 auf 810 khz statt und
am 1. Okt. 1922 die erste Sendung eines Fussballspieles. 1931 wurde ein Vertrag
mit einer internationalen Nachrichtenagentur unterzeichnet.
Die Ausgangsleistung betrug zu dieser Zeit 1 kW.
1940 bis 1970 folgte eine Stabilisierung der Station und man beginnt, demokratische
Ideale zu verbreiten. Sport aber wird ab 1960 immer mehr zum tragenden Pfeiler.
Aufgrund des unternehmerischen Erfolges wird die Inhabergesellschaft "Boradcasters
Uruguay SA" ins Leben gerufen. Bis etwa 1970 ist ein goldenes Zeitalter zu verfolgen,
dann bringt der Aufstieg des TV eine erste Krise, die ueberwunden wird.
In den 1990-er Jahren nimmt die Station einen kontinuierlichen Weg des Wachstums
und den Platz ein, der ihr geschichtlich auch zusteht.
1995 geht die erste Webseite des Senders online, eine der ersten in Uruguay insgesamt.
Seitdem hat man sich durch fleissige Arbeit zur Nr. 3 der Medien im Lande hochgearbeitet.
Inzwischen besteht der Name "El Espectador" fast 90 Jahre (seit Dez. 1923), und man
hat sich als fixen privilegierten Bestandteil des Landes integriert, der nicht mehr
wegzudenken ist.

USBEKISTAN

"Radio Tashkent calling" was the ID of the Station from the capital city of the former SSR of Uzbekistan, which was a part of the Soviet-Union.- Radio broadcasting in Uzbekistan was founded in 1914 and was located in Tashkent, providing radio communication service between Central Asia and Moscow. 1949 extended broadcasting in the range of long-, medium- and short-waves under responsibility of URRC. In accordance with the Order issued by the Ministry of Communication of UzSSR, dated December 21, 1977, Uzbek Republican Radio Center (URRC) and RMRCT – merged and created the Republican Center for Radio Communication, Radio-broadcasting and Television (RRTBPA, later renamed into RCBTC-SUE). -- Ten years after the falling down of communism, Radio Tashkent was closed at 11. December 2001. The RCBTC Radio Center created "Radio Tashkent International" as a re-opened radio in 12 Languages with a few short-wave transmissions and later webradio, but without success. March 2006 the last broadcast was transmitted, forever. The final end.- Another radio station behind the former 'iron curtain' left us; at the best times in 1979 there were 560 employees direct or indirect involved with radio technics, studios, antenna's, transmitters and buildings. All this is now only history. --- Some facilities does exist furthermore as relay station for to make money with tx. of strange foreign programes on shortwave. But this is temporarely, Radio Tashkent is gone and Uzbekistan --like many many other countries -- without a real voice to the outside world. My private oppinion is, that the government of the country appreciated this; if a whole population of people have only FM Radio and Webradio, it is very easy to control the access and in case of a local crisis to cut the internet. Censorship of local radio is usual. The president of Uzbekistan is elected in non-free votes, and in add it is to say that the state now acts as "islamic republic". Good bye, Radio Tashkent, forever!

U.S.A.

WWCR Nashville, Tennessee

WWCR has four 100 kiloWatt 'state of the art' transmitters which serve the world on 10 different broadcasting channels. Together the transmitters provide over 400 religious and talk programs direct from Nashville, Tennessee, to a global audience.

>> Time and Frequency schedule <<

U.S.A.

WRNO, KUSW and MW/AM stations

WRNO (start Feb. 1982, c/d Dec. 2011)

KUSW launched December 1987 and was sold to KTBN in 1990. Power was 100 kW.

....................................................................................................................

U.S.A.

KVOH Los Angeles, CA

u.a. 9975, 13695 khz
px "The Voice of Hope"

U.S.A.

Radio Free Asia
- all Relays -

RFA was private funded 1951, and made broadcasts until 1971. 1994 announced Bill Clinton
continuation and the real new start followed Sept. 1996. RFA broadcasts until now in 11
asian Languages via a lot of shortwave frequencies which are all Relays.

U.S.A.

Overcomer Ministry = Brother Stair
Ralph Stair, besser bekannt als Brother Stair, ist ein im Mai 1933 geborener
amerikanischer Endzeit-Evangelist, der mit seiner sehr markanten Stimme
einen hohen Wiedererkennungswert hat und nach eigener Angabe monatlich
1 Million US-Dollar in gemietete Sendezeit investiert. Er dominiert die christl.
Organisation "Overcomer Ministry" und will die Menschheit vor dem Abgrund
(= Satan) retten ..... als "Stimme der Letzten Tage", siehe
http://overcomerministry.org
Seine Mitarbeiter sammeln hierzu pausenlos Tag und Nacht Spendengelder.
Den Grossteil seiner Programmzeit mietet er bei der bekannten Kurzwellen-
Station "Radio Miami International" => WRMI, die durch Wahl von
Ausserband-Frequenzen aufgefallen ist - 5015 khz, 7730, 7780 khz, usw.
Nachts kann daher WRMI sehr oft auch in Europa empfangen werden.
Als weitere Relais-Stationen werden WWCR (u.a. 12160 khz), WBCQ (7490 khz),
WINB (9265 khz), WHRI (9505 u. 21610 khz, etc.), sowie Sofia, BUL eingesetzt
(9400, 11700, 12075 khz, etc.) Hinzu kommen durchschnittlich 15 Relais-
Sender auf Mittelwelle in den USA, 5 FM-Stationen und dazu noch 5-mal Relais
via Satellit. Brother Stair ist somit der bedeutendste Programmanbieter in seiner
Sparte. Die QSL-Moral ist durchschnittlich gut, Aktionen wie Live-Zuschaltungen
betreff telefonischer Fragestellungen machten ihn weltweit bekannt. Sein Netzwerk
ist sicherlich als sehr erfolgreich zu bezeichnen, obwohl es zum einen mit der
Angst der Menschen spielt und zum anderen Anklagen aus den eigenen Reihen
wegen sektengleicher Indoktrination kamen; auch private Verfehlungen sollen
vorgekommen sein. Der Umfang seiner Kurzwellen-Programmstunden machen ihn
mit "Overcomer Ministries" zwar nicht zu einer Bereicherung des Angebotes, aber
zu einem besonders grossen Sponsor des AM-Rundfunks, zumal es sich eben nicht
um einen der staatlichen Anbieter handelt, sondern eine private Initiative. ---
Ein aktuelles Update der Frequenzdaten findet sich hier:
http://overcomerministry.org/radio-schedule/

U.S.A.

Radio Marti
Radio Marti is an american radio international broadcaster based in Miami, Florida, financed by the Federal government of the United States through the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). Destination is Cuba, but its broadcasts can also be heard in Europe if the physically propagation conditions are good. Transmitting power is 125 up to 250 kW.

In the early 1980s, the U.S. Government planned to create a radio station to be known as Radio Free Cuba, modeled onRadio Free Europe & Radio Liberty, the mission of fighting communism in the hope of hastening the fall of Cuban PresidentFidel Castro. The station – renamed Radio Marti after Cuban writer J. Marti, who had fought for Cuba's independence from Spain and against U.S. influence in the Americas – was established in 1983 by President Ronald Reagan. Existing North American broadcasters objected strenuously to the establishment of Radio Marti, fearing that its broadcasts would lead Cuba to retaliate by jamming existing commercial medium-wave broadcasts from Florida. On May 20, 1985, Radio Marti began broadcasts to Cuba from the United States. The first day of broadcasting was chosen to commemorate the 83rd anniversary of Cuba's independence from United States rule on May 20, 1902. The fears of broadcasters proved well-founded, when Cuba-based transmitters briefly broadcast powerful signals on the medium-wave band in 1985, disrupting U.S. AM radio station broadcasts in several states. Cuba continues to broadcast interference against U.S. broadcasts specifically directed to Cuba in attempts to prevent them from being received within Cuba.After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, the budget for all U.S.-government-run foreign broadcasters, with the exception of Radio Marti, was sharply reduced. In 1996, Radio Marti's studios were moved from Washington, D.C. to Miami, Florida. The move, in addition to placing the station's studios closer to its target audience, also underscored its growing independence from the Voice of America, another U.S.-government-run foreign broadcaster with which Radio Marti had previously shared studios. Radio Marti operates with round about 100 employees and a budget of 17 Mio. $. Cuba is jamming the shortwave signals and insists that the station is a violation against the Cuban Law. Radio Marti owns also a website with lot of contents in spanish Language, including Podcasts. The frequencies are changed often for to overcome the Jamming, but regularly they use 6.030 khz and 7365 khz after 00.00 UTC; also a good chance for reception exists on +- 11.930 khz until 22.00 UTC. No chance on AM 1080 khz. Radio Marti exists now more than 31 years!
1th set of Marti-QSL: click please!

U.S.A.

WEWN Birmingham, AL

(c/o EWTN)

WEWN was launched Dec. 1992 and broadcasts from Alabama with a high power
of 500 kW with 4 transmitters. Languages are English and Spanish. A website is
available. WEWN is still active on shortwave.

U.S.A.

WTWW, Tennessee

WTWW stands for "We Transmit World Wide", first air date was Febr. 19, 2010.
Religous Px is 24 hours and in English with 100 kW Power.

U.S.A.

WHRI (Indiana, USA)

Der erfahrene DX-er weiss es schon lange: US-Stationen beantragen meist ein Stationsrufzeichen, welches zu ihrem Namen passt, oder aber basteln sich einen Slogan passend zum "Callsign". So steht also folgerichtig WHRI fuer >
World Harvest Radio International
Nachsatz: in Nordamerika ist jede Rundfunkstation verpflichtet, zumindest 1x in der Stunde das Callsign zu nennen! --- Die Station wurde im Jahr 1985 errichtet und setzt wie viele christlich orientierte Sender auf mehrere Verbreitungswege. Die gut merkbare Webadresse whri.org musste man jedoch nach einer gerichtlichen Entscheidung an die 'Womans Health Organization' geben. Nach eigener Aussage kommen betreff Webstream kaum Empfangsberichte, sondern das Feedback-Medium schlechthin ist nach wie vor die Kurzwelle..... Das sollte sich so mancher Politiker als grosses Plakat ins Schlafzimmer tun, damit er es jeden Abend liest... ! Ausrufezeichen! Trotzdem hat leider WHRI den Ruf, mittel bis schlecht auf Empfangsberichte zu antworten - wobei man eine gewisse Verlustrate der US-Post beachten muss (bedauerlicherweise). WHRI ist seit Beginn Teil des LESEA-Netzwerkes (Zusammenschluss von 15 Stationen), und dort hat man "World Harvest Radio" einen sehr feinen Webauftritt spendiert mit der vorbildlichen Option auf einen ONLINE RECEPTION REPORT !
Nach dem Erwerb eines "Antennenwaldes" hat man diese Antennen flugs in "Angel 1" bis "Angel 6" benannt, und so sind sie bis heute im Frequenzplan bezeichnet, s. http://lesea.com/whr/frequencies/
Ich kam als DX-er schon 1985 zu einer QSL -41m Band-, in den beiden Anfangsjahren war World Harvest Radio mit Beigaben wie Flyer, Aufkleber oder Programmplan sehr freigiebig, auch um der telefonischen 24-Stunden "Prayer-Line" mehr Teilnehmer zu besorgen... Dann hat man nach der Jahrtausendwende entdeckt, dass der Kontinent Afrika ein riesengrosses Publikum bietet und die DX-er in Europa einfach vergessen - das war nicht mehr gefragt als 'Missionsgebiet'. -- Klick auf die QSL startet wie immer eine Media-Datei.

U.S.A.

WRMI, Miami, FL
"Radio Miami International"

WRMI is commercial, sells air time to others and works as Relay in 5 Languages incl. English.
Owner is Jeff White, tx power was 50 kW. Usual target areas are Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela
and other Latin America countries. Since Dec. 2013 the tx power increased to 100 kW due to a buy
of equipment from WYFR, former Family Radio. Now 23 antennas working together with 14 transmitters.

U.S.A.

Family Radio
Harold Egbert Camping (*19. Juli 1921 in Boulder, Colorado; † 15. Dezember 2013 in Oakland, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Radio-Prediger, der mit seinen Prophezeiungen betreff des sicheren Weltuntergangs -fixiert am 21. Oktober 2011- Aufregung produzierte. Er war als fleissiger Spendensammler bekannt und verbreitete seine Provokativ-Theorien via der Frequenzen von FAMILY RADIO (WYFR) in mehreren Sprachen, darunter Deutsch. WYFR war als dem DX-er zugewandte Station ab Lizenzerteilung am 20. Okt. 1973 viele Jahre ein freigiebiger Versender von QSL-Karten, kurzen Bibel-Ausgaben und von christlichen Lehrbriefen. Durch das hohe Spendenaufkommen war man in der Lage, ein ganzes Netzwerk zu betreiben und auf Kurzwelle im Konzert der "Grossen" internationalen Dienste mitzuhalten. Family Radio beendete Anfang Juni 2011 die Ausstrahlung des 1974 gestarteten deutschen Dienstes auf Kurzwelle (2013 auch die anderen Sprachen), der Chef Harold C. erlitt einen Schlaganfall und die Welt ging bekannterweise nicht unter, so dass seine eigenen Follower ihm nicht mehr glaubten. Dem Sinn seines Lebens beraubt & als Wichtigtuer gebrandmarkt, verlor er den Lebenswillen und verstarb. Ausser seltenen Mini-Programmen via gemieteter/gespendeter Sendezeit (meist Sat & MW) ist nur eine Webseite mit rudimentartigem Audioarchiv verblieben. Traurig, aber wahr - aus Sicht des DX-ers. Es bleibt insgesamt gesehen die lange Jahre gute Arbeit der Station, die zum Teil auch reine Programmbeobachter an die Kurzwelle heranbrachte und andererseits durch eine 100%-ige QSL-Politik bestach. Ein Glanzpunkt war wohl der Austausch von Sendezeit mit Radio Taiwan. Das deutsche WYFR-Programm meldete sich als "Familien-Radio, die Stimme des Neuen Lebens". Das klickbare Pausenzeichen waren die ersten 8 Takte des christlichen Liedes: 'Oh Gott, Dir sei Ehre'. Die Kurzwellensender der Station wurden nach deren Auflassung am 30. Juni 2013 an den Radiopionier Jeff White verkauft, der nach wie vor bis heute erfolgreich WRMI "Radio Miami International" betreibt. Zu einem vergleichbar verschrobenen, verqueren, dreisten und nicht ganz ernst zu nehmenden Endzeit-Prediger geht es hier >>> Ralph "Brother" Stair Die obenstehende Abbildung verlinkt zu einer multimedialen Datei (Px-Absage s/off)!

VENEZUELA

Radio Rumbos

4970 khz

Radio Rumbos war eine der bemerkenswertesten Stationen im Tropenband und
sendete aus Venezuela.
Lizenzierungsdatum war 1. Dezember 1949, Rufzeichen YVLL.
Unter YVLK bediente man 1280 khz; spaeter folgte 670 khz (bis dato bestehend).
Die Identifikation sprach man jahrelang als "Radio Rumbos, der Gigant".
2010 und 2012 wurde 670 khz in Europa aufgenommen.
Inzwischen ist die Station als Webradio zu hoeren.

VEREINIGTE ARABISCHE EMIRATE (U.A.E.)

<click
U.A.E. Radio, Dubai

It was 1985 and in Dubai and Al-Dhabbaya were two 500 kW SW-transmitters started;
first SW transmission was from 1966. A frequency to which I often listened in the years
1996 and later, was 21598 khz (v). Also 13675 khz gave a strong signal at 14.00 UTC
afternoon with the Arabic program. Alternates until round 17.30 UTC were 13630
and 15395 khz. The Thomson-Transmitters worked fine and were used after the final
closing down of U.A.E. Radio for further Relay broadcasts on rental base. Thomson
delivered 2007 also a strong 800 kW-Tx for mediumwave broadcasting. The neighbour
station "Voice of U.A.E." has resigned during the year 2002 and U.A.E. Radio Dubai
followed unfortunately winter of 2005, replaced by Emirates Radio.

ZEITZEICHEN (Time Signal Stations)

WWV Fort Collins

WWV ist die wohl bekannteste Zeitzeichenstation weltweit und
residiert bei Fort Collins in Colorado. 2.5, 5, 10, 15 und 20 Mhz sind
die Frequenzen, auf denen heute Signale von Atom-Uhren verbreitet
werden. Ansagen erfolgen durch eine markante maennliche
Stimme, ausgestrahlt wird die koordinierte Weltzeit UTC seit 1974,
davor war es die GMT (Greenwich-Zeit).
Start war im Mai 1920 mit codierten Dezimalzeit-Impulsen.
1961 folgte der Umzug von Maryland zum jetzigen Standort.
Seit 2014 wird auf 25 Mhz experimentell gesendet.
Besitzer der Station ist das National Bureau of Standards.
WWV arbeitet mit 6 Transmittern, davon 3 x 10 kW.
Routinierte DX-er nutzen das Signal zur Bestimmung der
aktuellen Ausbreitungsbedingungen. Die Schwesterstation WWVB
sendet mit 2 kW und ist aufgrund der VLF-QRG 60 khz nicht
ausserhalb der USA zu empfangen.

CHU Ottawa

CHU startete 1923 aus Ottawa. Heute arbeitet man
mit 10/20 kW Leistung auf 3330 khz, 7850 khz & 14670 khz
und man beantwortet Empfangsberichte.

BPM Shaanxi, China

BPM sendet Zeitzeichen auf 2.5, 5, 10 &
15 Mhz. Schwesterstation is BPL auf VLF
100 khz. Besitzer ist die Akademie der
Wissenschaften.

RWM Moscow

RWM sendet mit 8 kW aus Moskau auf 4996, 9996 und 14996 khz.
Die Schwesterstation RBU sendet auf VLF 66.6 khz.

YVTO Caracas

YVTO sendet aus Caracas mit nur 1 kW auf 5000 khz die Standardzeit
Venezuelas, also nicht die UTC (Weltzeit).

LOL Buenos Aires, Observatorio Naval

LOL aus Argentinien sendet auf 10 Mhz und ist manchmal im Sommer in Europa zu empfangen

MIKES Espoo

MIKES Finland ist seit 1991 das nationale meteorologische Institut (VTT Centre Espoo)

IBF Torino

IBF Turin arbeitet seit 2011 als Low Power station auf 5 Mhz

MSF Teddington

MSF startete bereits 1926 und war mit 5 kW Leistung bei guten Bedingungen
auf Kurzwelle 2500 khz oft zu hoeren.
Anders die Frequenz 60 khz, die ich 1986 zum ersten Mal klar empfing.
Der QSL-Zettel war auf extrem duennem Papier gedruckt und sehr klein.

HBG Switzerland

HBG Prangins sendete auf VLF 75 khz von 1966 bis 2012

JJY Japan

JJY sendet aus Japan mit starken 50 kW Leistung auf 40 und 60 khz fuer das nationale Institut NCIT

DCF77

Die Zeitzeichenstation sendet aus meinem Heimatort Mainhausen-Mainflingen mit max. 50 kW auf 77.5 khz seit 1. Jan. 1959 und steuert
mit ihrem Signal eine Vielzahl von Funkuhren europaweit.

< zum Inhaltsverzeichnis

Imprint:

Teil II

KLICK AUF DEN BUTTON

^{IST VERLINKT ZUM KAPITEL}

A) Radio Telefis Eireann - RTE

B) Shanwick Aer Radio, Shannon

C) Shannon Volmet

Vorwort
DESTINATION	PX SENDESTATION	ITU TX	Kapitel
Link >			1
ALASKA	a) HAARP b) KNLS, Anchor Point	ALS	2
ANDORRA	a) Sud Radio b) Radio Andorra	AND	3
ANGOLA	Radio Nacional Angola, Luanda	AGL	4
ANGUILLA	The Caribbean Beacon	AIA	5
ANTARKTIS	R. N. Arcangel San Gabriel	ATA	6
ANTIGUA	Radio DW (Deutsche Welle)	ATG	7
ARMENIEN	Radio Yerevan	ARM	8
AZERBAIJAN	Voice of Azerbaijan	AZE	9
BAHRAIN	Radio Bahrain	BHR	10
BRUNEI	Radio Brunei	BRU	11
BELGIEN	a) Radio Vlaanderen International b) RTBF, Brussels	BEL	12
BOLIVIEN	Radio Santa Cruz	BOL	13
BOTSWANA	Radio Botswana + Relais	BOT	14
BRASILIEN	A) Radio Aparecida, Sao Paulo B) Radio da Amazonia, Manaus	B	15
BURKINA FASO	RTB Ouagadougou	BFA	16
CAMEROON/KAMERUN	CRTV Radio Nationale du Cameroon	CME	17
CANADA	A) VOCM Neufundland B) Gander Air Radio	CAN	18
CENTRAL AFRIKA	Radio Centrafrique, Bangui	CAF	19
CHAD / TSCHAD	RDN N'Djamena	CHD	20
CHINA	A) PBS Lhasa / V.o. Tibet B) Kriegswichtigkeit von Morsecode C) Firedrake Jammer	CHN	21
CLANDESTINE	a) "Woodpecker" OTH Radar b) Radio Okapi c) Radio Impala d) Radio Dabanga	CLA	22
COSTA RICA	a) R F P I b) Radio Republica	CTR	23
CUBA	a) Radio Rebelde b) Numbers Station	CUB	24
CYPERN	a) CyBC, Nicosia b) BFBS c) Famagusta Gazette Radio	CYP	25
DOMINIKAN. REP.	Radio Clarin	DOM	26
EQUATORIAL GUINEA	Radio Nacional, Malabo	GNE	27
ERITREA	Voice of the Broad Masses, Asmara	ERI	28
ETHIOPIEN	a) Fana Radio, Addis Abeba b) ETLF Voice of the Gospel c) Voice of Tigray Revolution -DWT	ETH	29
FAROER INSELN	Utvarp Foroya, Torshavn	ISL	30
FINNLAND	Radio Finnland	FIN	31
GABUN	Radio Africa No.1	GAB	32
GERMANY/DEUTSCHLD.	a) Norddeich Radio b) Deutsche Welle c) Radio Marabu d) DWD Pinneberg e) ERF Mainflingen f) Deutschlandfunk g) RIAS Berlin h) SDR Stuttgart "Suedfunk" i) BR (Bayerischer Rdf.) j) WDR 1 k) Hansawelle Bremen l) SFB m) Funkbake Airport Frankfurt n) Radio Berlin International, DDR o) Suedwestfunk	D	33
GHANA	GBC Accra	GHA	34
GRENADA	Radio Grenada	GRD	35
GUATEMALA	Radio Verdad	GTM	36
GUINEA	RT Guinee, Conakry	GUI	37
HAITI	Radio 4VEH	HTI	38
HAWAII	WWVH, Kauai (N.I.S.T.)	HWA	39
IRLAND	A) Radio Telefis Eireann - RTE B) Shanwick Aeradio, Shannon C) Shannon Volmet	IRL	40
ISLAND	Rikisutvarpid Reykjavik	ISL	41
ITALIEN	IBC Milano	I	42
KIRGISIEN	Kyrgyz Radio, Bishkek	KGZ	43
KOLUMBIEN	A) CARACOL B) Radio Sutatenza	CLM	44
KOREA, NORD	a) KCBS, Pyongyang b) Echo of Reunification	KRE	45
KOREA, REP.	a) HLAZ b) Voice of the People	KOR	46
KURDISTAN	Radio Denge Kurdistan	CLA	47
LAOS	Lao National Radio, Vientiane	LAO	48
LETTLAND	Radio Riga (L.R.)	LVA	49
LIBERIA	Radio Liberia Int., Monrovia	LBR	50
LIBANON	KING of Hope	LBN	51
MALAYSIA	Voice of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur	MLA	52
MALI	ORTM Bamako	MLI	53
MOCAMBIQUE	Radio Mocambique	MOZ	54
MOLDAWIEN	Radio Pridnestrovje (PMR)	MDA	55
MONACO	TWR Monte Carlo	MCO	56
MAROKKO	MEDI 1	MRC	57
MYANMAR (BIRMA)	Myanmar Radio, Yangon	BRM	58
NEPAL	Radio Nepal, Kathmandu	NPL	59
NIEDERLANDE	Privat-Stationen	HOL	60
PERSIEN	N.I.R.T.	IRN	61
PALESTINA	Radio Palestine (Sawt Palestine)	XGZ	62
PHILIPPINEN	Radio Veritas Asia, Quezon City	PHL	63
RUMAENIEN	a) Radio Neumarkt b) Radio Romania Cluj	ROU	64
RUSSLAND	A) Voice of Russia, Moscow B) Radio Rossii C) UVB76 "The Buzzer" D) Welle Tatarstan E) Radio Mayak	RUS	65
SAMBIA	Zambia N.B.C.	ZMB	66
SEE / OFFSHORE	SEESENDER	IW	67
SENEGAL	RTS Dakar	SEN	68
SPAIN	COPE	E	69
TAIWAN	Radio Taiwan Int. (RTI)	TWN	70
TAJIKISTAN	Radio Tajikistan, Dushanbe	TJK	71
TANZANIA	Zanzibar BC	TZA	72
TOGO	RTT Lome	TGO	73
TURKMENISTAN	Turkmen Radio, Ashgabat	TKM	74
URUGUAY	Radio El Espectador	URG	75
UZBEKISTAN	Radio Tashkent	UZB	76
U . S . A .	WWCR Nashville, Tennessee	USA	77
U . S . A.	WRNO, KUSW & AM stations	USA	78
U . S . A .	KVOH, Los Angeles	USA	79
U . S . A .	Radio Free Asia	USA	80
U . S . A .	Overcomer Ministry	USA	81
U . S . A .	Radio Marti	USA	82
U . S . A .	WEWN, Birmingham, AL	USA	83
U . S . A .	WTWW, Tennessee	USA	84
U . S . A .	WHRI, Indiana	USA	85
U . S . A .	WRMI, Miami, FL	USA	86
U . S . A .	WYFR Family Radio	USA	87
VENEZUELA	Radio Rumbos	VENE	88
VER. ARAB. EMIRATE	U.A.E. Radio	UAE	89
"ZEITZEICHEN"	TIME SIGNAL STATIONS	--	90